1. GEM - Broadening the Germplasm Base M.H. Blanco 1, C.A.C. Gardner 1, W. Salhuana 2, and N. Shen 1 1 USDA-ARS and 2 Retired Pioneer Fellow and GEM TSG Chair G ermplasm E nhancement of M aize

2. GEM: Broadening the Germplasm Base Mission and History of GEM Structure of GEM Objectives Target Traits Breeding Protocol Germplasm Releases GEM SCA & USDA Projects Summary & Future Challenges

3. GEM Mission Statement The objective of the GEM Project is to develop and provide to the public adapted germplasm lines via germplasm enhancement of useful exotic germplasm. The adapted materials are incorporated into research and breeding programs that will increase the diversity of U.S. corn germplasm, improve its performance, and provide new and better products to the American consumer.

4. Countries Belonging to the Latin American Maize Project (LAMP) * Argentina Bolivia Brazil Columbia Chile Guatemala Mexico Paraguay Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela * LAMP began in 1987, funded by Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc., and administrated by the USDA-ARS.

5. STRUCTURE OF GEM Cooperators Private Public International Technical Steering Group (TSG) Private members Public members Ex officio members GEM Coordinator GEM Locations Ames, IA Raleigh, NC (50% tropicals)

6. GEM Objectives Manage an extensive multi-site cooperative breeding (and trial network) and information sharing with public and private cooperators. Develop genetically enhanced populations and lines (early generation S2 and S3 focus) from GEM breeding crosses. Evaluate genotypes in the breeding program for yield, agronomic traits, silage, biotic and abiotic stress (including mycotoxins), and value-added traits. Conduct research relevant to high priority maize germplasm traits and performance.

7. Private GEM US Cooperators AgReliant Genetics, LLC BASF Plant Science Breeding, L.L.C Beck's Superior Hybrids, Inc.* Benson Seed Research, LLC FFR Cooperative Hoegemeyer Enterprises Identity Seed & Grain Co. Illinois Foundation Seeds, Inc. Monsanto Company* Mycogen Seeds* National Starch and Chemical Co. Pannar Genetics, Inc.* Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc.* Professional Seed Research, Inc. R.B.S. Corn Research, Inc. Schillinger Seeds SEEDirect Syngenta Seeds, Inc.* Wyffels Hybrids There are 19 private companies working as GEM cooperators * Entities with representatives currently serving on the GEM Technical Steering Group (TSG).

8. Public US Cooperators Cornell University Iowa State University Louisiana State University Michael Fields Agricultural Institute 1 North Carolina State University North Dakota State University Ohio State University Texas A&M University* The University of Tennessee Truman State University University of Delaware* University of Illinois University of Nebraska University of Wisconsin USDA-ARS (Ames, IA) USDA-ARS (Columbia, MO) USDA-ARS (Mississippi State, MS) USDA-ARS (Raleigh, NC) There are 18 public institutes working as GEM cooperators 1 Non-Government Organization (NGO) * Entities with representatives currently serving on the TSG.

9. International Cooperators AgriSource Co., Ltd., Thailand Agrotuniche, Chile EMBRAPA 1, Brazil Hyland Seeds, Canada INTA 2, Argentina Maharlika Genetics, Mexico Nidera, Argentina Prosemillas, Peru Sursem S.A., Argentina The University of Guelph, Canada There are 10 international institutes and/or companies working as GEM cooperators 1 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa, Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA); Brazil 2 Instituto Nacioanal de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA) Argentina

10. In-Kind Support Company: _________________________ Season/Year: winter ________________ In-Kind Support Germplasm Description No. Rows No. Selfs No. Iso Rows No. Entries No. Locations Make Breeding Crosses (cross to proprietary lines) (NS=non-stiff; SS=stiff stalk) Make S 1 ’s Advance S 1 to S 2 Regenerations Top Cross S 2 ’s Conduct Yield Trials Breeding Cross Observations Disease Screening Lab Services (Describe). Other (Describe) Signature company___________________ date_______ Signature GEM Coordinator______________ date_______

11. Appendix Statement It is understood that any seed or data generated as defined in this appendix is considered in-kind support and shall be returned to the GEM Coordinator. Such seed and/or data shall be shared with other GEM Cooperators, who shall have the right to freely use such seed and/or data.

12. GEM Trait Targets Agronomic adaptability- yield, lodging, grain moisture, and Y/M Abiotic stress tolerance: drought, heat, and interacting biotic stresses Ear mold and mycotoxin resistance (aflatoxin and fumonisin) Disease resistance (emphasis on stalk rots, and leaf blights that impact stalk rots) Insect resistance (emphasis on corn root worm and corn ear worm impacting quality and mycotoxins) Value-added traits (VAT’s) Grain (protein>13%, oil>6%, and starch>75%) Silage yield & quality

13. GEM Survey Results: Least Important Moderately Important Most Important Yield6%4%92% Standability4%13%83% Disease Resistance8%37%55% Grain Quality Traits18%30%54% Diversity8%48%44% Drought/heat tolerance15%40%39% Insect Resistance17%46%37% Silage Quality60%28%14% GEM Survey, 2004. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~usda-gem/Presentations/GEM_Reports_04.ppt

14. GEM Survey Results: Least Important Moderately Important Most Important Overall grain quality/texture5%16%80% Extractable starch27%30%44% Protein18%41% Total starch24%40%36% Oil20%48%32% GEM Survey, 2004. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~usda-gem/Presentations/GEM_Reports_04.ppt

15. GEM Breeding Protocol Flowchart Plant S 1 ears to make S 2. Select at 20% selection intensity Yield trial topcross from above Winter 1 Summer 1 Winter 4 Winter 2 Summer 2 Winter 6 Winter 3 Summer 5 Summer 3 Summer 4 Make S 3 increase Determine quality analyses, disease & insect resistance in GEM lab or by cooperators Cross the S 3 ’s to two testers Make S 2 topcross to elite tester inbred Self 300 plants (S 0 ) Yield test 50 S 2 topcrosses at 6 locations (Accession x Private line 1) x Private line 2 Accession x Private line 1 Write release article for publication & all relevant data to NCRPIS

16. Phenotypic Selection Selection for prolificacy, resistance,& adaptability

17. Phenotypic Selection Selection against buggy whipping, and other undesirable traits

18. High in Allelic Diversity!

19. Expt. 02122 (6 Locations) with Tester LH200xLH198 PedigreeYieldMoistY/M Stalk Lodge Root Lodge BARBGP2:N08a18- 332-1176.220.09.19.43.1 Test Entry Means145.221.96.87.14.8 Check Means174.220.98.58.14.3 CV13.26.1 LSD (p=0.05)22.51.5

20. GEM Germplasm Releases (117 Lines Total) Year # Lines ReleasedInstitutionGermplasm Attributes 20011USDA-ARS, IAGEM 001 is resistant to 1st brood ECB 200228USDA-ARS, IA25% and 50% exotics; temperate adapted 20022U. Delaware 50% exotic; resistance to anthracnose stalk rot and gray leaf spot 200230NC State U.50% exotics; temperate adapted 20021Ohio State U. GEMS-0002 is 50% exotic; good grain quality, earlier than B73 200316USDA-ARS, IA25% & 50% exotic; temperate adapted, VAT 20038NC State U.50% exotics; earlier flowering 20042Texas A&M U.25% exotic; stress tolerance, good GCA 20041U. Wisconsin 25% exotic; high yielding silage with superior nutritional quality 20049USDA-ARS, IA25% exotic; temperate adaptation, VAT 200419NC State U.50% exotics; earlier flowering

21. Released GEM Lines to the Public to Date PedigreeDerivationComments GEMS-0001PI 503806 x B94///B94First gen. ECB resistant (non-DIMBOA) GEMS-0002FS8A(S):S09-43-2Early SS; stress tolerant DE 3DKXL212:N11a-191Good protein; GCA DE 4DKXL212:N11a-365GLS resistant; GCA Tx 204AR01150:N0406Stress tolerant; GCA Tx 205AR01150:N0406Stress tolerant; GCA W605SAR17026:N1019Silage yield and quality

22. Quality Traits of 9 GEM Lines Released to GEM Cooperators in 2005 PedigreeCountry (race)VAT BARBGP:N08a18-332-1-BBarbados (Tusón) CH05015:N1502-86-1-BChile (Camelia)>14% protein CHIS775:S1911b-120-1-B-BMexico (Tuxpeño)High TpG DK212T:N11a12-191-1-BThailand (comm. DK) DKB844:S1601-73-1-B-BMexico (comm. DK) Low TpG, low PHI, and wide RnG DREP150:N2011d-624-1-BDomin. Rep. (Mixed)>14% protein UR11003:S0302-1011-1-BUruguay (Dente Branco)Narrow RnG DKB844:S1601-3-2Mexico (comm. DK) >14% protein, Low TpG, low RnG, & high % R, CH05015:N1204-57-1Chile (Camelia) >14% protein & >4.5% oil

23. North Carolina GEM Releases-2005 EntryPedigreeProtein*Oil*Starch*YieldChk. Yield H6141-11/96CHS775N19F1S312.82.671.1158.2156.2 7384-02/96CHS775N19F1S311.82.671.0150.2149.4 1507-001/98DK212TN11F2S311.63.970.0164.6160.9 9353-01/97DK888N11F2S311.82.571.8149.9146.0 9531-02/97DKXL 380N11F2S313.33.270.1148.7143.7 9532-02/97DKXL 380N11F2S414.53.867.8146.5143.7 2405-010/99CHS775N19F1S311.02.672.0153.9155.0 1311-01/97CHS775N19F1S311.82.770.7148.1149.4 1312-01/97CHS775N19F1S312.53.470.1149.2149.4 1881-002/98DKXL 370AN11F2S314.63.568.0146.8141.9 1883-001/98DKXL 370AN11F2S313.34.068.9147.6141.9 1883-002/98DKXL 370AN11F2S312.93.669.4146.4141.9 1886-003/98DKXL 370AN11F2S313.93.368.8145.7141.9 1895-001/98DKXL 370AN11F2S313.83.767.9146.6141.9 2423-017/99DKXL 380N11F2S312.53.270.7154.9153.5 1881-006/98DKXL 370AN11F2S315.12.768.5143.7141.9 2410-003/99SCRGp3N14F2S312.72.769.6145.8146.2 1415-01/97DK888S11F2S312.32.770.6148.8147.8 1415-06/97DK888S11F2S311.73.070.5149.8147.8 Major Goodman, NCSU, NC, 2005

24. GEM Field Day Sept. 22, 2005, Ames, IA

25. GEM SCA and USDA-ARS Research Projects – 2005 P.I.InstituteTarget Traits BohnU. of ILCRW, ECB, Fumonisin resist, yield HollandUSDA-ARS, Raleigh, NCFumonisin resist ClementsUSDA-ARS, MSAflatoxin resist, yield XuTexas A&MAbiotic stress, CEW, grain mold, aflatoxin, yield SmithCornellAnthracnose stalk rot, yield Balint-KurtiUSDA-ARS, Raleigh, NCSouthern leaf blight HawkUDELGLS, breeding methods, yield GoodmanNC State50% tropicals, GLS, rust, yield CampbellTruman StateAmylomaize VII, yield JaneIA StateResist starch & digestible starch evaluation Pollak, Duvick, Edwards, Blanco USDA-ARS Ames, IA Starch thermal properties (stability) Scott, BlancoUSDA-ARS, Ames, IAProtein quality – Amino acids CoorsU. of WISilage yield & quality, breeding methods, yield

26. Evaluation under Stress WW (bu/a)LI (bu/a) % EntryETHFLB LBHFMeanCKs (AR01150:N0406)F8A1 x B11026722417592144 181110 (AR01150:N0406)F8A2 x B11026025219388 142 187114 (AR03056:N0902)F8-1 x B110256198171109101167102 (FS8A(T):N1801)F7-2 x B11025922920873159 186113 (FS8B(T):N11a)F7-2 x B110188231176 102142168102 P34K77 22617315512013016198 Garst 8348258159182 110115165100 P3223 258207174117117175107 Garst8285 216195151114101155 95 W. Xu, Texas A&M, TX, 2003

27. Percent Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Level of GEM Lines M. Clements, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, 2004. Pedigree 2003 aflatoxin Ng/g 2004 aflatoxin Ng/g 2 year mean ear rot (%) Mp313E9138 Tuxpan204425 2283-01_XL380_S11_F2S4242175 2250-01_XL370A_S11_F2S4241635 2250-02_XL370A_S11_F2S4253925 2258-03_XL380_S11_F2S4482395 Grand mean (96 inbreds)546130923 LSR/ LSD α=0.05 6213 Coefficient of Variation18844

28. Corn Rootworm Bill Dolezal, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int, IA, 2005

29. GEM Breeding Crosses with Resistance to the Corn Rootworm in 2003 1 Families showing significantly lower root damage rating than the resistant check, NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2(S1). M. Bohn (U of IL) and B. Hibbard (USDA-ARS, Columbia, MO), 2003. PedigreeRace # families selected 1 Location AR17056:N2025Cristalino Colorado2IL BR52051:N04Dente Amarelo7MO CHIS775:N1912Tuxpeño14MO CUBA117:S1520Argentino2IL DK212T:S11Comm. Hybrid10MO UR13085:N0215Cateto Sulino4MO

30. Silage Yield & Quality of W605S Grown in Wisconsin in 2004 Hybrid Yield (t/ac) Milk/ac (lbs) CP (%) NDF (%) IVD (%) NDFD (%) Starch (%) W605S10.8383007.348826230 Mean (42 hybrids)9.9343007.448816031 LSD (0.10)0.836000.43113 W605S = AR17026:N1019-65008-2-3-2-1-1 X LH244 CP = Crude protein NDF = Neutral detergent fiber IVD = in vitro digestibility NDFD = Neutral detergent fiber digestibility Jim Coors, U of Wis., 2004.

31. DKXL212:N11a-139 is not significantly different from the high checks (B45 o2, B101). The top three GEM entries are significantly higher than all “normal” checks (B73, Mo17). Paul Scott, USDA-ARS, Ames, 2005 Protein Quality Index (Met + Lys + Trp) – 3 Year Means

32. Summary/Benefits of GEM Germplasm contribution of LAMP and private companies Cooperative wide scale evaluation and development efforts Unique germplasm and traits being identified Technology transfer-germplasm and information GEM serves a large number of stakeholders from different sectors and countries

33. Future Challenges and Direction Identify and utilize useful allelic diversity by tapping into more races How should GEM’s resources be allocated- sampling new races vs. focusing on existing races What breeding methodology research will be needed to effectively utilize allelic diversity?

34. Future Challenges and Direction – Cont’d Explore and implement new genomic and genetic technologies through effective partnering Address targeted questions or hypotheses related to gene function, mol breeding, etc. GEM’s role: provide germplasm for well constructed studies How does GEM best serve stakeholders to maximize benefits, and broaden the germplasm base?

35. Acknowledgements USDA-ARS, Ames, IA Sue Duvick, Quality traits lab manager Andy Smelser, Agriculture research technician USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC Joe Hudyncia, Southeastern GEM coordinator North Carolina State University Major Goodman, William Neal Reynolds and Distinguished University Professor GEM cooperators GEM Technical Steering Group (TSG)

36. GEM Project USDA-ARS Thank you! G ermplasm E nhancement of M aize