1. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Chapter 23
The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

2. Key Terms corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone
endometrium menopause semen
estrogen menses spermatozoon
follicle-stimulating menstruation (pl. spermatozoa)
hormone (FSH) ovarian follicle testis (pl., testes)
gamete ovary testosterone
infertility ovulation uterus
ovum (pl., ova)

3. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Asexual Reproduction
One-celled organisms
Divide by themselves
Sexual Reproduction
Males and females
Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes)
Male cells are spermatozoa (sperm cells).
Female cells are ova (egg cells).

4. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems (cont.)
Meiosis
Cell division process that forms gametes
Halves the number of chromosomes in cell
Reproductive organs
Gonads
Produce gametes
Testis in male; ovary in female
Accessory organs

5. The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Functions of the Male Reproductive System
Manufacture spermatozoa
Deliver spermatozoa to the female

6. The Male Reproductive System Accessory Organs
Epididymis
Coiled tube located on the surface of the testis
Temporarily stores sperm cells
Ductus vas deferens
Extends upward as the ductus deferens (vas deferens)
Ampulla
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct

7. The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Semen
Functions of semen
Nourishes spermatozoa
Transports spermatozoa
Neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina
Lubricates the reproductive tract
Prevents infection

8. The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Semen (cont.)
Seminal vesicle
Twisted muscular tube
Located at the posterior of the urinary bladder
Produces alkaline secretion containing simple sugar
Provides nourishment to spermatozoa
Prostate gland
Located inferior to the urinary bladder
Ducts carry prostatic secretion into the urethra
Alkaline secretion neutralizes vaginal acidity

9. The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
Pea-sized organs (pair)
Located in the pelvic floor inferior to the prostate
Secrete mucus to lubricate the urethra and penis tip

10. Figure 23-2 Cross-section of the penis.
The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure 23-2 Cross-section of the penis. 10

11. The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
The Urethra and Penis
Erection
Penis
Corpus spongiosum
Glans penis
Prepuce
Circumcision
Contains urethra
Corpora cavernosa
Ejaculation

12. The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
The Testes
Scrotum
Inguinal canal
Spermatic cord

13. The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
The Testes (cont.)
Internal structure
Seminiferous tubules
Sustentacular cells
Interstitial cells
The Spermatozoa
Manufacturing begins at puberty
Acrosome
Flagellum

14. The Male Reproductive System-The testis
Where are the interstitial cells located? 14

15. Figure 23-4 Human spermatozoon.
The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure 23-4 Human spermatozoon.
What organelles provide energy for sperm cell motility? 15

16. Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction (cont.)
Testicular Activity
Controlled by two hormones from the anterior pituitary
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Testosterone
Functions:
Development and maintenance of the male reproductive accessory organs
Development of spermatozoa
Development of secondary sex characteristics

17. Figure 23-5 Hormonal control of male reproduction.
The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure 23-5 Hormonal control of male reproduction.
Which hormone stimulates testosterone secretion—LH or FSH? 17

18. The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction
Decrease in testosterone and spermatozoa production
Decline in sperm motility and quality
Erectile dysfunction
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Treatment
Medication to shrink prostate
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

19. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Structural Disorders
Cryptorchidism
Testicular torsion
Hernia (rupture)
Inguinal hernia
Phimosis
Infections of the male reproductive tract:
Prostatitis
Epididymitis
Orchitis

20. Figure 23-6 Torsion of the testis.
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure 23-6 Torsion of the testis. 20

21. Figure 23-7 Inguinal hernia.
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure 23-7 Inguinal hernia. 21

22. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Chlamydial infections
Gonococcal infections (gonorrhea)
Symptoms of STIs
Urethral discharge
Burning sensation and pain during urination
Prostatitis and epididymitis
Genital herpes
Syphilis

23. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Cancer
Prostatic cancer
Risk factors
Age
Race
Family history
Certain environmental agents
Diet high in fat
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

24. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Cancer (cont.)
Prostatic cancer (cont.)
Treatment
Surveillance
Radiation therapy
Surgery
Hormone treatments
Testicular cancer
Young and middle-aged adults

25. The Female Reproductive System
Structures
Gonads (ovaries)
Formation of gametes (ova)
Accessory organs
Passageways
External genital organs

26. Figure 23-8 Female reproductive system.
The Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure 23-8 Female reproductive system. 26

27. The Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Accessory Organs
Uterus
Pear-shaped muscular organ
Organ in which fetus develops and matures
Regions
Body (corpus)
Cervix (neck)
Fundus
Broad ligaments
Muscular wall
Myometrium
Endometrium

28. The Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Accessory Organs (cont.)
Uterine tubes (oviducts or fallopian tubes)
Muscular structure extending from the uterus to a point near the ovary
Fimbriae
The vagina
Fornix
Posterior fornix
Rectouterine pouch
Hymen

29. The Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Accessory Organs (cont.)
The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin)
Produce mucus
Secreted into the vestibule
Provide lubrication
The vulva and the perineum
External genitalia (vulva)
Labia (labia majora and labia minora)
Clitoris
Mons pubis
Perineum

30. Figure 23-9 External parts of the female reproductive system.
The Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure 23-9 External parts of the female reproductive system. 30

31. The Female Reproductive System (cont.)
The Ovaries and Ova
Ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity.
Ovaries produce ova.
Ovarian follicle:
Protects ovum
Produces ovarian hormones
Ovaries contain gametes at birth.

32. The Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure The ovary. 32

33. The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.)
Controlled by pituitary hormones LH and FSH regulated by the hypothalamus
Cyclic pattern of hormonal activity
Menstruation
Menstrual cycle
Averages 28 days
Ovulation
Separates reproductive cycle into preovulatory (follicular) and postovulatory (luteal) phases

34. The Female Reproductive cycle
What ovarian hormone peaks closest to ovulation?
What ovarian hormone peaks after ovulation? 34

35. The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.)
Preovulatory Phase
Several follicles enter final stages of maturation
Increased production of estrogen
Prepares the endometrium
Elongates uterine secretory glands
Proliferative phase in the uterus
Inhibits release of FSH

36. The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.)
Ovulation and the Postovulatory Phase
LH surge in blood
Causes ovulation
Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum that secretes estrogen and progesterone
Endometrium continues to thicken
Glands and blood vessels increase in size
Secretory phase in the uterus
Hormonal methods of contraception
FSH and LH are inhibited via estrogen and progesterone feedback

37. The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.)
Menstruation
If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates
Estrogen, progesterone levels decrease
Endometrium degenerates, produces menses
Endometrium begins to repair itself
The decrease of estrogen and progesterone levels allows the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary

38. Menopause Menstruation ceases Normal ovarian function declines
Follicles stop maturing
No appreciable amounts of estrogen and progesterone produced
Effects of menopause may include nervous symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and “hot flashes” (resulting from low levels of estrogen)
Uterus, oviducts, vagina, vulva become somewhat atrophied
Vaginal mucosa becomes thinner, dryer, more sensitive

39. Menopause (cont.) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Combination of estrogen with synthetic progesterone prescribed to relieve menopause discomfort
Increases breast cancer risk
Increases thrombosis and embolism risk
Risks increase with duration of therapy

40. Birth Control (cont.)
Artificial means to prevent fertilization of the ovum
Abortifacients
Surgical sterilization
Tubal ligation (female)
Vasectomy (male)
Hormonal methods for women
Male contraceptive pill still under investigation
Mifepristone (RU-486) (morning-after pill) is a drug taken after conception to terminate an early pregnancy
Male and female condoms

41. Birth Control (cont.)
Figure Condoms. 41

42. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Menstrual Disorders
Amenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea
Secondary dysmenorrhea
Endometriosis
Uterine fibroids
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Menorrhagia
Too frequent menstruation
Nonmenstrual bleeding

43. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Menstrual Disorders (cont.)
Endometriosis
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Symptoms
Fluid retention (bloating)
Swollen or tender breasts
Headache
Fatigue
Irritability
Anxiety
Depression

44. Figure 23-13 Possible sites of endometriosis.
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure Possible sites of endometriosis. 44

45. Benign and Malignant Tumors
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Benign and Malignant Tumors
Benign and Malignant Tumors
Fibroids (myomas)
Hysterectomy
Endometrial cancer
Ovarian cancer
Cervical cancer
Linked with human papillomavirus (HPV)
Papanicolaou test (Pap smear)

46. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure Pap smear. 46

47. Benign and Malignant Tumors
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Benign and Malignant Tumors
Infections
Sexually transmitted infections
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
HIV and genital herpes
Syphilis
Genital warts
Salpingitis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

48. Figure 23-15 Pathway of infection.
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Figure Pathway of infection. 48

49. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Infertility
More difficult to diagnose and evaluate in women
Male infertility causes
Oligospermia
Seminiferous tubules damaged by x-rays, infections, toxins, malnutrition
Smoking, alcohol abuse, excessive environmental heat
Impaired sperm motility, blockage within duct system, testosterone deficiency, drug abuse

50. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Infertility (cont.)
Female infertility causes
Endocrine disorders
Abnormalities in structure and function of reproductive organs
Presence of inflammation or scar tissue in uterine tubes
Endometriosis
Early menopause
Malnutrition

51. Case Study Infertility
Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after having regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for at least one year
Causes ruled out: Oligospermia; low levels of thyroid hormones and FSH; irregular ovulation
Possible cause in Jessica and Brett’s case:
Structural problem from endometriosis
Scarred and blocked uterine tubes interfering with fertilization or nourishing the fertilized egg
Diagnosed with laparoscopic examination 51

52. Case Study (cont.) Treatment plan In vitro fertilization
Schedule of hormone supplements to induce ripening of multiple eggs
Remove eggs from the ovary prior to ovulation
Fertilize eggs with spouse’s sperm in the laboratory
Transfer fertilized eggs back to the uterus bypassing the blocked uterine tubes 52

53. Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example
The Male Reproductive System
acr/o
extremity, end
The acrosome covers the head of a sperm cell.
circum-
around
A cut is made around the glans to remove part of the foreskin in a circumcision.
fer
to carry
The ductus deferens carries spermatozoa away from (de-) the testis.
semin/o
semen, seed
Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules.
test/o
testis
The hormone testosterone is produced in the testis.
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
crypt/o
hidden
Cryptorchidism refers to an undescended testis (orchid/o).
olig/o
few, deficiency
Oligospermia is a deficiency in the numbers of spermatozoa produced.

54. Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
orchid/o, orchi/o
testis
Orchiectomy is removal of the testis.
The Female Reproductive System
metr/o
uterus
The myometrium is the muscular (my/o) layer of the uterus.
ovar, ovari/o
ovary
An ovarian follicle encloses an ovum.
ov/o, ov/i
An ovum is an egg cell.
rect/o
rectum
The rectouterine pouch is between the uterus and the rectum.

55. Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
hyster/o
uterus
Hysterectomy is surgical removal of the uterus.
men/o
uterine bleeding, menses
Amenorrhea is absence of menstrual flow.
salping/o
tube
Salpingitis is inflammation of a tube, such as the uterine tube.