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Human Sexuality Sexual Anatomy
Nur 150 Human Sexuality Sexual Anatomy
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Male Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
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Figure 5.1: Interior structure of the penis: (a) view from above and (b) cross section of the penis.
Fig. 5-1a, p. 112
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Corpus cavernosa Corpus spongiosum The Penis
Interior structure of the penis: (B) cross section of the penis.
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Scrotum
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Sac or pouch with two chambers Muscle layer (tunica dartos)
The Scrotum Sac or pouch with two chambers Muscle layer (tunica dartos) Pulls sac closer to body in cold temperatures Spermatic cord The scrotum and the testes. The spermatic cord can be located by palpating the scrotal sac above either testis with the thumb and forefinger.
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The Testes Secrete male hormones Produce sperm Cryptorchidism: undescended testis Self-exam is recommended
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Underlying Structures of the Scrotum
Underlying structures of the scrotum. This illustration shows portions of the scrotum cut away to reveal the cremasteric muscle, spermatic cord, vas deferens, and a testis within the scrotal sac.
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The Testes Seminiferous tubules Site of sperm production Interstitial cells Major source of androgens Epididymis Sperm maturation
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Internal Structure of a Testis
(a) Internal structure of a testis. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and transported to the epididymis, which serves as a storage chamber. (b) the cross section enlargement view of the seminiferous tubules shows spermatogenic (sperm-making) cells and the interstitial cells.
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The Vas Deferens Moves sperm from scrotum to ejaculatory duct through prostate Ejaculatory ducts open into the Urethra
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Male Sexual Anatomy Male sexual anatomy: A cross-section side view of the male reproductive organs.
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Male Sexual Anatomy Seminal Vesicle Secretes 70% of seminal fluid Prostate gland Secretes 30% of seminal fluid Cowper’s glands Secretes fluid before ejaculations May contain active, healthy sperm Semen (seminal fluid) Volume about 1 teaspoon 200 to 500 million sperm
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Erection Coordinated by autonomic nervous system Arteries expand Capacity for erection is present at birth Psychogenic and physiogenic erections
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Ejaculation Spinal reflex triggers two phases Emission Fluid in urethral bulb Expulsion Semen expelled Retrograde ejaculation Nocturnal ejaculation
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Male Sexual Anatomy during Ejaculation
Male sexual anatomy during ejaculation: (a) the emission phase; and (b) the expulsion phase.
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Concerns about Sexual Functioning: Penis Size
Penis size is seen as a symbol of virility Erect penises show less variation than flaccid Size NOT related to sexual satisfaction Penile augmentation Genital retraction syndrome
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Concerns about Sexual Functioning
Phimosis Extremely tight foreskin Circumcision Hygenic value & risk for STDs? Medical risks AAP: moderate opposition
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Male Circumcision
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Figure 5.2: The underside of the uncircumcised penis, showing the location of the corona and frenulum—two areas on the penis that harbor a high concentration of sensitive nerve endings. Fig. 5-2, p. 113
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Male Circumcision Circumcision, the surgical removal of the foreskin.
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Male Genital Health: Penis Health-Care Issues
Cleanliness Smegma Infections Reaction to vaginal secretions Injuries Penile cancer
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Male Genital Health: Testicle Health-Care Issues
Testicular Cancer Rare More common in young men (15 to 34 years old) Hard or irregular mass Survival > 90% if detected early
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Male Genital Health: Prostate Health-Care Issues
Prostate diseases Prostatitis: enlarged & inflamed Benign prostatic hyperplasia Prostate cancer PSA test Treatment options for prostate cancer
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Figure 5.1: Interior structure of the penis: (a) view from above and (b) cross section of the penis.
Fig. 5-1, p. 112
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Figure 5. 4: Underlying structures of the scrotum
Figure 5.4: Underlying structures of the scrotum. This illustration shows portions of the scrotum cut away to reveal the cremasteric muscle, spermatic cord, vas deferens, and a testis within the scrotal sac. Fig. 5-4, p. 115
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Figure 5. 5: (a) Internal structure of a testis
Figure 5.5: (a) Internal structure of a testis. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and transported to the epididymis, which serves as a storage chamber. (b) The cross-section enlargement view of the seminiferous tubules shows spermatogenic (sperm-making) cells and the interstitial cells. Fig. 5-5, p. 118
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Sperm, as seen under a microscope.
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Figure 5.7: Male sexual anatomy during ejaculation: (a) the emission phase and (b) the expulsion phase. Fig. 5-7a, p. 121
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Figure 5.7: Male sexual anatomy during ejaculation: (a) the emission phase and (b) the expulsion phase. Fig. 5-7b, p. 121
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Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
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Increases sexual comfort
Genital Self-Exam Increases sexual comfort Monitor for changes related to health concerns
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Routine self-examination is an aspect of preventive health care.
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The Vulva External female genitalia Mons veneris Labia majora & minora
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The Vulva The structures and variations of the vulva: (a) external structures and (b-d) different shapes and colors.
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The Clitoris Analogous to penis Only function = sexual arousal Clitoral stimulation most common way women achieve orgasm Consider female genital mutilation
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The Underlying Structures of the Vulva
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The Vulva Vestibule (inside the labia minora) Urethral opening Vaginal introitus (opening) Hymen Perineum Episiotomy
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Underlying Structures
Vestibular bulbs Bartholin’s glands Pelvic floor muscles Kegel exercises
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Underlying Structures
The underlying muscles of the vulva. These muscles can be strengthened using the Kegel exercises described in the text.
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Internal Structures: Vagina
3 layers: mucous, muscle, fibrous Arousal and vaginal lubrication Lubrication changes vaginal ph and increases pleasure Grafenberg (G) spot Secretions & chemical balance
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Internal Structures Cervix Uterus 3 layers and fundus (top) Fallopian tubes Fimbriae Ovaries Up to 472,000 immature ova at birth 400 mature in lifetime Ovulation = release of ovum
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Menstruation Myths and negative attitudes Menarche (initial onset) Age 11-15 Related to heredity, health, altitude
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Menstrual Physiology Flow lasts from 2 to 6 days Volume varies from 6 to 8 ounces Duration varies 24 to 42 days Menstrual synchrony
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The Menstrual Cycle Hypothalamus releases GnRH that stimulates pituitary Pituitary produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone Lutenizing Hormone Negative feedback mechanism
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Three Phases of The Menstrual Cycle
Shedding of endometrium Proliferative Thickening of endometrium, follicle maturation & ovulation Secretory Corpus luteum development, futher thickening of endometrium
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Menstrual Cycle Problems
Premenstrual syndrome Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Dysmenorrhea = painful menses Amenorrhea = no menses Self-help for menstrual symptoms Toxic shock syndrome
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Terms Related to Menopause
Climacteric Physiological changes during transition period of fertility to infertility Peri-menopause Time before menopause Menopause Permanent cessation of menstruation
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Symptoms vary from mild to strong Amenorrhea, then menopause
Menopausal Symptoms Symptoms vary from mild to strong Amenorrhea, then menopause Hot flashes or warm spells Dysregulation of body temp Night sweats, interrupted sleep Headaches, poor concentration Depression, anxiety
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Hormone Therapy Benefits and problems from hormone therapy.
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Gynecological Health Concerns
Urinary tract infections Vaginal infections Pap smear screens for cervical cancer Hysterectomy or oophorectomy Most frequently performed U.S. operation More frequently performed on low income, less educated women Non-surgical options
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The Breast Secondary sex characteristics Mammary glands produce milk Areola is darker area Nipple is in center of areola & has openings for milk Depression, anxiety
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Breast size and shape vary from woman to woman.
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Breast size and shape vary from woman to woman.
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Breast size and shape vary from woman to woman.
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Cross-Section of Breast
Cross-section front and side views of the female breast.
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Breast Health Breast Lumps Cysts (fluid-filled sacs) Fibroadenomas (solid, round, benign tumors) Malignant tumor Breast cancer Treatments Risk factors Reconstructive breast surgery Benefits of early detection & treatment
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FGM
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Hymen
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Hymen Variations
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Clitoris
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Figure 4.2: The underlying structures of the vulva.
Fig. 4-2, p. 82
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Hymen
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Figure 4. 3: The underlying muscles of the vulva
Figure 4.3: The underlying muscles of the vulva. These muscles can be strengthened by using the Kegel exercises described in the Your Sexual Health box. Fig. 4-3, p. 85
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The speculum opens the walls of the vaginal canal.
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Table 4-2, p. 103
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Table 4-3, p. 106
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