1. Trichomonas Vaginalis
(阴道毛滴虫)
Inhabit --- Female: vagina, urethra
--- Trichomonas vaginitis,
Trichomonas urethritis
--- Male: urethra, prostate gland
--- Trichomonas urethritis

2. 乒乓(ping-pong)感染

3. undulating 1. Morphology Trophozoite pyriform or oval
4 anterior flagella
Trophozoite
1 nucleus
colorless
pyriform or oval
1030μm×1015μm
undulating
membrane
(1 posterior
flagellum)
axostyle

5. Trophozoites – Gimsa stain

6. Four anterior flagella
The single lateral flagellum (the undulating membrane(波动膜）

7. 2. Life cycle
(One host,
one stage)

8. Male--urethra, prostate gland
Inhabiting
sites：
Infective
stage：
Mode of
infection：
Female--vagina, urethra
Male--urethra, prostate gland
Trophozoit (Multiplies by longitudinal binary fission)
Direct contact：
sexual intercourse
Contact
Indirect contact：
sharing the hygiene utilities

9. (1)Pathogenic mechanism
3. Pathogenesis
(1)Pathogenic mechanism
1）Contact-dependent cytopathic effect：
surface proteins： responsible for cell adherence
cell-detaching factor：causes detachment of the
host’s cell

10. Self-cleaning function of vagina:
vaginal epithelium
（rich in glycogen）
Control the growth
and reproduction of
parasites
Bacilli（杆菌）
(normal flora)
convert
lactic acid
Women
Under
Normal
condition
The viginal
Secretions: pH
Non-pathogenic

11. Reduction in acidity of vagina The trophozoites multiplies rapidly
Women under some conditions (pregnancy, after
Menses, etc.
Reduction in acidity of vagina
(of pH rising above 5.0)
If T.v infects the women at this time
The trophozoites multiplies rapidly
Vaginitis
Because of the T.v competitively take advantage of the glucogen, the pH of the vagina rises up higher and is therefore advantage of growth of other pathogenic bacteria.

12. Reddened vaginal mucosa can be seen.
(2) Pathologic changes
Reddened vaginal mucosa can be seen.
In severe cases, petechial hemorrhages is present.
(3) Clinical manifestation
1）Vaginitis
white, frothy discharge (creamy white in color, full of bacteria ) ，foul-smelling
Itching, Vaginal burning,
The vaginal secretions are liquid, greenish or yellow
Frequency of urination(撒尿), Dysuria

13. 2) In male： Usually asymptomatic Frequency of urination Dysuria
Prostate may be enlarged , Prostatitis

14. (1)Parasitic diagnosis： 1） Direct smear ① Saline smear(生理盐水涂片)
② Staining
specimen：
Discharge from posterior vaginal fornix, Urine, Secretion of prostate gland
2）Cultivation：specimen above，37℃，48h，
microscopic exam
(2)Immunologic test：Ag detection
(3)DNA probe

15. 5. Epidemiology
(1)Didtribution：
world wide, especially in female at the age
group of 20～40, average prevalence is 28％.
In America：2 ~ 3million infective cases per year
In China：wide spread

16. 1）The source of infection：patient、carrier
(2)Transmission
1）The source of infection：patient、carrier
（ including male）
2）The route of infection：
①Direct contact：sexual intercourse (STD)
②Indirect contact：public bathtub , towels,
toilet seats, bathing suit
The trophozoites have strong resistance to the outside
environment :
The trophozoits can survive for 14h ~ 20h in semi-drying
environment, for 7h at -10 ℃ ， for 102h at 40 ℃,
for 30 min on toilet seat, for 45h ~ 150h in soap-water

17. 6. Treatment and Prevention
(1) Control of infective sources：screening detection of patients and carriers
Oral administration：Metronidazole, Tinidazole
Remark: sexual partners must be treated at the same time
(2) Block the routes of transmission：Improve the public swimming pool, toilet, etc，
(3) Protection of population: Keep good personal hygiene， Safer Sex