1. Applications of Nanotechnology

2. Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance. Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already: Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles Photographic film - silver nanoparticles Tires - carbon black nanoparticles Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium Applications of Nanotechnology

3. Challenges facing society Water Energy Health Sustainable development Environment Knowledge Economy These are challenges that require interdisciplinary collaborations to solve!

4. 10 GB 2001 20 GB 2002 40 GB 2004 80 GB 2006 160 GB 2007 First, One Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity Hard drive Magnetic data storage Uses nanotechnology!

5. Magnetic Data Storage A computer hard drive stores your data magnetically Disk NS direction of disk motion “Write” Head 0010100110__ “Bits” of information NS “Read” Head Signal current magnets

6. Solar Cells Konarka Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.

7. Electric Solar Cells p-n junction interface cross-sectional view n-type silicon p-type silicon + - Sunlight Voltage “load” Current The electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell - - - -- - - - + + + ++ + + + 0.5 Volt

8. Nanostructured Solar Cells + - Sunlight Voltage “load” Current More interface area - More power!

9. Nanomedicine: Tumor-targeted Cancer Therapy C&EN News June 4, 2012 Nanospectra Biosciences

10. Goals of Nanomedicine End goal of nanomedicine is improved diagnostics, treatment and prevention of disease For a great review see http://www.wtec.org/nano2/Nanotechnology_Research_Directions_to_2020/

11. Importance of Nanotechnology to Medicine Nanotechnology holds key to a number of recent and future breakthroughs in medicine

12. Targeted Delivery to Tumors Goal is to inject treatment far from tumor and have large accumulation in tumor and minimal accumulation in normal cells/organs.

13. Cancer Treatments Tumor penetration is a key issue for successful chemotherapy

14. Nanoparticle use in Cancer Treatments Because of their small size, nanoparticles can pass through interstitial spaces between necrotic and quiescent cells. Tumor cells typically have larger interstitial spaces than healthy cells Particles collect in center bringing therapeutics to kill the tumor from inside out.

15. Nanoparticles as Sensors and Therapeutics Glutathione (GSH) provides a selective and tunable release mechanism Once inside cells, fluorophores and drugs selectively dissociate

16. Nanoparticle Targeting and Accumulation To maximize their effectiveness, the microenvironment of the tumor must be quantified and vectors developed to specifically target the tumor. These treatment approaches have shown great promise in mice. Necrotic Quiescent Proliferating Therapeutic

17. First Successful Nanomedicine - Abraxane

18. Another Successful Nanomedicine – Doxil (2010) Doxil is doxorubicin hydrochloride encapsulated in a STEALTH ® liposome used to treat Kaposi’s sarcoma (common in HIV patients) Doxorubicin is an anthracycline topoisomerase inhibitor The liposomes are 100nm vesicles composed of a phospholipid bilayer that can fully encapsulate the drug Right size to enter tumor, but not healthy cells STEALTH have a half-life of 55 hours in humans meaning they survive long enough to penetrate tumors Many other liposome encapsulated drugs like Myocet on the way