1. Chapter 8

2. Chapter 8 8
Chapter
Using Design in Fashion

3. Chapter 8
Objectives
Explain the importance of each element of design in relation to fashion.
Apply the principles of design to apparel.
Describe how harmony is achieved in garment designs.
Discuss how to use design to create illusions that enhance appearance.

4. Design Design is a plan that puts an idea together
Chapter 8
Design
Design is a plan that puts an idea together
The elements of design are color, shape, line, and texture
Combined in different ways, they form designs
The principles of design are balance, proportion, emphasis, and rhythm
Design harmony results when the elements are combined effectively

5. Using the Elements of Design
Chapter 8
Using the Elements of Design
In fashion, the design elements are combined according to current trends
How design elements are used
distinguishes garments from each other
can influence the sale of garments
can reflect the fresh new looks of each season
Color is the most exciting design element

6. Color Color has three dimensions or descriptive qualities
Chapter 8
Color
Color has three dimensions or descriptive qualities
Hue is the name given to a color, such as blue, red, or green
Value is the lightness or darkness. A tint is whiter than the pure hue; a shade is darker
Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a color
continued

7. Color Black, white, and gray are neutrals; they have no hue
Chapter 8
Color
Black, white, and gray are neutrals; they have no hue
Neutrals can be used alone or with almost any colors
White reflects light
Black absorbs all light
Beige is also considered a neutral color since it can be used with most colors

8. Chapter 8
Using the Color Wheel
The color wheel shows the hues and their relationships
Primary hues are red, yellow, and blue
Secondary hues—orange, green, and violet—appear between the primary hues
Intermediate hues appear between each primary and secondary color
A color wheel also shows warm and cool colors

9. Warm and Cool Colors Warm colors—red to yellow hues
Chapter 8
Warm and Cool Colors
Warm colors—red to yellow hues
represent fire, sun, and brilliance
give a feeling of activity, cheerfulness, and liveliness
can convey a nervous impression if overdone
Cool colors—green to violet hues
represent water and the sky
give a restful, calm, relaxed feeling
can convey a depressing mood if overdone

10. Chapter 8
Color Schemes
Color schemes are ways that colors can effectively be used together
Monochromatic color scheme—uses different tints, shades, and intensities of one color
Analogous color scheme—uses adjacent, or related, colors on the color wheel
Complementary color scheme—uses hues that are directly across from each other on the color wheel
continued

11. Chapter 8
Color Schemes
Split-complementary color scheme—uses three colors by combining one color with the color on each side of its complement
Triad color scheme—combines three colors equidistant on the wheel, such as red, yellow and blue
Accented neutral color scheme—combines white, black, gray, or beige with a bright color accent

12. Chapter 8
Fashion Insights
Colors can appear to change the size and shape of the person wearing them
A single color, or all close values, for an entire outfit makes a person look thinner and taller
Dark, dull colors minimize attention
To emphasize the best physical features, a small amount of a light or bright color can be used in an advantageous location
continued

13. Chapter 8
Fashion Insights
Outfits are generally more attractive if areas of light and dark are not equal
From a distance, the colors in narrow stripes and small plaids blend together
Colors appear to change when viewed under different lights
To get a true color match, it may be necessary to view items in natural light

14. Chapter 8
Shape
Shape is the silhouette, or the overall form or outline of an outfit
Full, wide, flaring shapes add width, making people look larger
Compact silhouettes make people look smaller
Consider facial shapes in relation to apparel neckline designs
If facial shape is extreme in any way, the neckline should not repeat it

15. Line Line is a distinct, elongated mark as if drawn by a pen
Chapter 8
Line
Line is a distinct, elongated mark as if drawn by a pen
It leads the path of eye movement, outlining the inner and outer spaces to form the details of a fashion garment
In fashion, structural lines are formed when garments are constructed
such as at seams or darts
continued

16. Chapter 8
Line
Decorative lines, or applied lines, are created by adding details to the surface of clothing
such as applied edgings, topstitching, and buttons, or accessories such as scarves and necklaces
Decorative lines often accentuate structural lines
Too much detail causes competition between the lines and is confusing and unattractive

17. Line Types and Directions
Chapter 8
Line Types and Directions
Lines are
straight, curved, or jagged
in 3 basic directions: vertical, horizontal, diagonal
Straight lines are bold and severe, suggesting dignity, power, and formality
Curved lines are less conservative, formal, and powerful than straight lines
continued

18. Line Types and Directions
Chapter 8
Line Types and Directions
Jagged lines change direction abruptly in zigzag patterns
Vertical lines give the impression of height and slimness
Horizontal lines go from side to side, giving a relaxed, calm feeling
Diagonal lines slant, drawing attention to the area where they are used

19. Chapter 8
Texture
Texture is the tactile quality of goods or the feel and look of a material’s surface
Structural texture is determined by the fibers, yarns, and method of fabric construction
Added visual texture is achieved by the finishes and designs applied to the surface
Added visual texture is often more noticeable than the structural texture of a fabric
continued

20. Chapter 8
Texture
Combinations of textures can be attractive if not too many are combined in one outfit
Texture can create illusions in apparel
Shiny textures emphasize body contours and can make people look larger
Large, bold visual patterns intensify emphasis and increase the apparent size of the wearer

21. Using the Principles of Design
Chapter 8
Using the Principles of Design
A garment with good design
is pleasing to the eye
makes the wearer look his or her best
combines the design elements well, according to the principles of design
Combining design elements and principles well achieves harmony, the goal of design

22. Chapter 8
Balance
Balance produces equality among the parts of a design or outfit
It implies equilibrium or steadiness among the parts
Balance in garments is produced by
structural parts and added decoration
good fabric design

23. Chapter 8
Examples of Balance
A larger area of fine or soft texture balances a smaller area of heavy or coarse texture
Warm and dark colors appear heavier than cool and light ones
A small amount of a bright color balances a large amount of a dull one
Large amounts of tints or neutrals balance smaller areas of shades or bright colors

24. Formal and Informal Balance
Chapter 8
Formal and Informal Balance
Formal balance is symmetrical, with one side identical to the other
It has a dignified and formal appearance
The human figure has formal balance
Informal balance creates equilibrium with an asymmetrical arrangement of design details
It is more subtle and casual than formal balance and usually more interesting

25. Chapter 8
Proportion
Proportion is the spatial, or size, relationship of all the parts in a design to each other and to the whole
This is sometimes called scale
Proportion is most pleasing when areas are divided unevenly
Example: short jackets with long skirts
continued

26. Chapter 8
Proportion
To achieve a pleasing proportion for fashions, relate apparel items to the correct proportion of the person wearing it
Buttons, trimming, and pocket size should relate to the overall size of the garment
Large plaids will overpower a small frame
Fashions that emphasize natural body proportions are usually flattering and pleasing

27. Chapter 8
Emphasis
Emphasis is a concentration of interest in a particular part or area of a design
Without a main focal point, an outfit looks unplanned and monotonous
Emphasis can be used to draw attention to an attractive personal feature
Color or texture contrasts as well as accessories can create emphasis

28. Chapter 8
Rhythm
Rhythm is the pleasing arrangement of design elements to produce a feeling of continuity or easy movement
Repetition, gradation, and radiation are the main ways to create rhythm in fashions
Repetition repeats lines, shapes, colors, or textures in a garment
Examples: pleats or a row of buttons
continued

29. Chapter 8
Rhythm
Gradation is a gradual increase or decrease of similar design elements, also called progression
Examples: light to dark color, fine to coarse texture
Radiation is created by lines emerging from a central point like rays
Examples: gathers, tucks, seams, darts, flowing lines, or colors fanning outward from an area

30. Chapter 8
Harmony
Harmony is pleasing visual unity created by a tasteful relationship among all parts
Nothing looks out of place
Garments that have harmony are pleasing to the eye and suit the wearer
There is enough variation to be interesting, but not clash
Accessories can be used to create harmony

31. Illusions Created by Design
Chapter 8
Illusions Created by Design
The relationship among the different parts of the human form is called body build
The shape of a female’s body is called her figure
The shape of a male’s body is called his physique
By using design elements and principles cleverly, body features can be accentuated or hidden as desired
continued

32. Illusions Created by Design
Chapter 8
Illusions Created by Design
Designers can use certain styles for desired illusions to flatter various body builds
Example: A-line skirts can hide wide hips
Fashion professionals know how to help others with their clothing selections
Every aspect is important for an entire visual effect from head to toe

33. In Summary Color is often the most important design element
Chapter 8
In Summary
Color is often the most important design element
The shape of garments influences the illusion of size
Lines in a design lead the eye of the observer
Texture can add interest and appeal to apparel
Balance gives equilibrium to a design
continued

34. Chapter 8
In Summary
Proportion relates parts of a design to each other and to the whole
Emphasis is created with a focal point
Rhythm produces a feeling of continuity of movement in a design
Design elements are used to create pleasing visual harmony