1. ajayabha@yahoo.com Ajay K. Singh and Amalendu Sinha Co 2 Storage Potential in Unmineable Coal Seams in India Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Erstwhile Central Mining Research Institute) Barwa Road, Dhanbad – 826 001 Speaker Ajay K. Singh

2. ajayabha@yahoo.com CO 2 Sequestration in Geologic Formations One of the options for mitigating the GHG effect is to sequester CO 2 in geologic formations. The geologic formations are i. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs ii. Use of CO 2 in EOR. iii. Deep unmineable coal seams iv. Use of CO 2 in enhanced CBM recovery v. Deep saline water-saturated reservoir rocks vi. Other suggested options (basalts, oil shales, cavities)

3. ajayabha@yahoo.com Coal - a porous rock

4. ajayabha@yahoo.com Methane adsorption

5. ajayabha@yahoo.com Carbon dioxide adsorption

6. ajayabha@yahoo.com Gas sorption in coal

7. ajayabha@yahoo.com Reservoir simulation

8. ajayabha@yahoo.com Coal and Lignite Deposits in India Gondwana -Nearly 99.7 per cent bituminous to subbituminous coal of India is available in the Lower Gondwana in the eastern region of India located in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra provinces. Tertiary -Tamilnadu, Kerala, Gujarat and Himalayan foot hills from Pir Panjal of Jammu and Kashmir to Abor Hills and Kuen Bhum range of Arunanchal Pradesh. Deep seated lignite in region of Kalol of Cambay basin, Gujarat and Barmer–Sanchor basin in Rajasthan.

9. ajayabha@yahoo.com Geological Resources of coal as on 1.1.2007 in India (By GSI) StateCoal resources in Million tons ProvedIndicatedInferredTotal Andhra Pradesh84756328265817461 Arunanchal Pradesh31401990 Assam3152734376 Bihar00160 Chhattisgarh987227035444341450 Jharkhand3688131094633874313 Madhya Pradesh75849259293419777 Maharashtra4856282219929670 Meghalaya11841301460 Nagaland411520 Orissa17464302391429661999 Uttar Pradesh76629601062 West Bengal1145411810507128335 Total9592011899238260255172

10. ajayabha@yahoo.com Potential Coalbeds for CO 2 Storage in India The potential sites for CO 2 storage in coalbeds of Indian basins have been identified with due consideration of accepted exploration norms, depth wise resource distribution quality wise abundance and mining status of coal. Identified candidates for CO 2 storage in India. Category of coal bedsGrade of coalCandidates /Basins Unmineable Coalbeds in explored areas Power Grade coalSingrauli Mand Raigarh Talcher Godavari Grey Areas CoalbedsCoking coalJharia East Bokaro Sohagpur South Karanpura Superior non coking coalRaniganj South Karanpura Power grade coalTalcher Concealed CoalfieldsTertiary age coalCambay basin Barmer Sanchor basin* Power grade coalWest Bengal Gangetic Plain Birbhum Domra Panagarh Wardha Valley Extension Kamptee basin Extension

11. ajayabha@yahoo.com Comparative Adsorption of CO 2 and Methane Studies conducted so far supports stronger affinity of CO 2 to the coal molecule. 2 to 3 molecules of CO 2 may displace one molecule of methane It means carbon dioxide is preferentially adsorbed onto the coal structure over methane (2:1 ratio). Methane sorption capacity for Indian coals has been investigated by CIMFR. Understanding controls on CO 2 and CH 4 adsorption in coals is important for the modeling of both CO 2 sequestration and CBM production.

12. ajayabha@yahoo.com Methane and CO 2 Adsorption Isotherm Methane Adsorption (actually measured) Estimated CO 2 Adsorption cc/g Pressure (atm) Moisture Equilibrated cc/g 000 4.911.83.6 10.993.77.4 18.085.310.6 27.916.513.0 37.627.615.2 48.048.416.8 57.149.218.4 67.6910.020.0 77.2010.420.8 86.9810.821.6 96.5711.122.2

13. ajayabha@yahoo.com Properties of Potential Coalbeds Proximate analysis and rank of Unmineable and Grey area coalbeds. CoalfieldsBasic parameters (mmf basis) Other properties Reflectance VRo% VM (%) FC (%) East Bokaro28-3685-900.85-1.05 South Karanpura37-4080-840.60-0.80 Jharia -Barakar17-3587-930.90-1.30 Raniganj39-4479-900.70-0.85 Rajmahal-Barakar38-4078-810.45-0.50 Singrauli- Barakar37-4578-810.45-0.50 Sohagpur34-4080-870.55-0.65 Pench valley32-4082-890.50-0.60 Wardha valley35-4078-820.55-0.60 Godavari Valley35-4278-830.55-0.60 Talcher35-4579-820.50-0.55 *mmf - Mineral matter free basis

14. ajayabha@yahoo.com Properties of Potential Coalbeds Proximate analysis and rank of Concealed coalbeds. CoalfieldsBasic parameters (mmf basis) Other properties Reflectance VRo % VM (%) FC (%) Cambay basin45-5852-680.32-0.44 Barmer Sanchor basin47-6048-660.26-0.40 W Bengal38-5265-820.42-0.65 Birbhum16-3868-861.10-1.86 Wardha valley24-3572-880.54-0.68 Kamptee Kanhan valley26-3675-920.52-0.66 *mmf - Mineral matter free basis

15. ajayabha@yahoo.com Unmineable Coalbeds in explored areas In depth coal resource analysis of Indian territory as per quality, depth wise distribution and status of exploration has supported in identification of suitable sites for CO 2 sequestration. The resources reported by GSI and other agencies have been classed as mineable and unmineable on the basis of the following factors. - Exploration limit of coal has been to 1200m depth cover. - Coking and superior grade non coking up to the explored limit has been classed as mineable. - Inferior grade non coking coal (Grade E-G) upto 900m depth cover in Damodar and Mahanadi Valleys have been taken as within mineable limit. - Mineable limit for inferior grade non coking coal of Godavari and Wardha Valleys have been taken as 800m due to premium pricing structure.

16. ajayabha@yahoo.com Unmineable coal and CO 2 storage capacity Coalfield Estimated adsorption capacity of CO 2 (m 3 /t) Unmineable Coal Reserve (Mt) CO 2 storage capacity (Bm 3 ) CO 2 storage capacity (Mt) CO 2 storage capacity (50%) (Mt) SingrauliRange 18.0 – 22.0 Average 20.0 37.00.741.460.73 Mand RaigarhRange 16.0-23.0 Average 19.0 79.01.502.971.48 TalcherRange 17.2-24.8 Average 20.4 1017.020.8041.18 20.69 GodavariRange 16.8-22.2 Average 19.2 1976.038.0275.2837.64

17. ajayabha@yahoo.com Grey Area Coalbeds The extension of coal beds below 1200m depth cover in coking and superior grade non coking coal have not been explored even though the continuity of the coal beds was well indicated within the lineament. The coal beds of such zones beyond mineable limit have been classed as Grey Area reserve. These reserves in case of East Bokaro, South Karanpura, Jharia and Raniganj and Sohagpur are below 1200m depth cover while in case of inferior grade non coking the limit is 600m for Son Mahanadi Valley and 800m for Wardha Godavari Valley coal fields.

18. ajayabha@yahoo.com Grey Area Coalbeds CoalfieldEstimated CO 2 adsorption capacity (m 3 /t) Cumulative Coal seam thickness (m) Block Area (km 2 ) Coal Reserve (Bt) CO 2 storage capacity (Bm 3 ) CO 2 storage capacity (Mt) CO 2 storage capacity (50%) (Mt) South Karanpura Range 19.5-28.0 Average 24.5 73.076.00.7518.3536.3318.16 East BokaroRange 22.3-33.5 Average 28.1 100.0113.01.5342.9084.9442.47 JhariaRange 22.0-56.0 Average 34.5 40.0193.01.0435.9671.2035.60 RaniganjRange 20.8-29.0 Average 24.0 30.0240.00.9723.3346.1923.09 SohagpurRange 18.9-26.4 Average 22.6 15.0450.00.9120.5940.7620.38 TalcherRange 17.2-24.8 Average 20.4 120.0149.02.4149.2497.4948.75 Grey Area coal reserve and CO 2 storage capacity

19. ajayabha@yahoo.com Concealed Area Coalbeds The coal beds not covered in resource estimation exercise because of the basalt trap or thick alluvium beds have been classed as concealed coalbeds. Invariably such beds come under chance discovery during oil and natural gas exploration or drilling for some special missions. The bottom most coal bearing Barakar formation in such operations has been located within 300m to 3km depth cover over Nagaland to Cambay Basin Gujarat. Concealed Gondwana Sediments in Gangetic Plain Barmer-Sanchor basin

20. ajayabha@yahoo.com Continued….. CoalfieldEstimated adsorption capacity of CO 2 (m 3 /t) Cumulative thickness of the coal seams (m) Area of the block (km 2 ) Coal reserve (Bt) CO 2 storage capacity (Bm 3 ) CO 2 storage capacity (Mt) CO 2 storage capacity (50%) (Mt) Cambay basinRange 13.8-19.6 Average 16.7 102.0690063.01057.812094.451047.23 Barmer- Sanchor Basin Range 128-18.4 Average 15.6 100.0670060.0936.001853.28926.64 W.B. Gangetic plain Range 16.4-23.2 Average 18.3 --- 7.2131.76260.88130.44 Birbhum coalfield Range 17.2-24.8 Average 20.2 100.0312.04.285.08168.4684.23 Domra Panagarh Range 18.6-25.8 Average 21.8 48.0116.00.75116.3932.4516.23 Wardha Valley extension Range 15.7-22.8 Average 17.8 13.0212.00.376.6213.116.55 Kamptee Extension Range 7.2-9.2 Average 8.1 14.03000.579.8119.429.71 Concealed area coal reserve and CO 2 storage capacity

21. ajayabha@yahoo.com Quantity of CO 2 Storage in Indian Coalbeds CoalfieldCO 2 storage potential in Mt with 90% saturation level Total-Mt Unmineable bedsGrey areasConcealed areas East Bokarox84.94x85 South Karanpurax36.33x36 Jhariax71.20x71 Raniganjx41.57x42 Singrauli1.32xx 1 Sohagpurx36.70x37 Mand Raigarh2.67xx 3 Talcher37.0687.75x118 Godavari-Ramgundam67.75x?68 Cambay Basinxx1885.021885 Barmer Sanchor basinXx1667.951668 W. Bengal Gangetic Basin xx234.80235 Birbhumxx151.61152 Domra Panagarhxx29.20 29 Wardhaxx11.8012 Kamptee Coalfieldxx17.4817 Total4459 CO 2 storage capacity in Indian Coalfields

22. ajayabha@yahoo.com CO 2 point Sources and Compatibility of Unmineable Coalbeds The identified sites are estimated to have 4459 Mt CO 2 storage potential, sufficient to store over 20% of total gas emission from the present power plants over their life time. The sites close to the operating thermal power units may be the most appropriate for CO 2 sequestration as the transportation cost of the gas will be minimum and the pollution level of CO 2 is alarming (Bradshaw, 2002 and 2003). The rate of CO 2 generation and total CO 2, generated within the life span of a thermal power station; presuming 20 years more from the date. The sites with storage capacity below 12Mt have been ignored because of their insignificant size.

23. ajayabha@yahoo.com CO 2 storage capacity and point source gas generation in close vicinity CandidateCO 2 storage capacity (Mt) Nearest Point Source CO 2 generation Mt in life time (20 yrs) t/dayMt/year Cambay188592003.3667 Barmer Sanchor1668146005.33107 Godavari6820080073.291465 East Bokaro85167006.10122 South Karanpura364360015.91318 Birbhum152260009.49190 Domra Panagarh292840010.36207 West Bengal basin23510370037.85757 Jharia71179006.53131 Talcher1186670024.35487 Sohagpur3721750.7916 Raniganj4269002.5150 Continued…..

24. ajayabha@yahoo.com Conclusion CO 2 sequestration potential in Indian coalbeds is estimated to be 4459 Mt. Indian coalbed are classified into grey, concealed and unmineable based on its depth of occurrence and grade characteristics. The storage potential howsoever small may help in minimizing the GHG pollution level. Storage of CO 2 in coal seams may have an added advantage of enhanced CBM recovery.

25. ajayabha@yahoo.com Thank You For Your Kind Attention