1. Urbanization and segregation

4. Where Americans lived, 1850-1920 Size of place1850188019001920Total Under 1,000, or unincorporated place73.6165.856.1643.954.3 1,000 - 2,4996.525.294.634.915.03 2,500 - 3,9993.12.912.472.912.8 4,000 - 4,9991.061.171.41.451.35 5,000 - 9,9992.863.413.954.794.11 10,000 - 24,9992.894.495.586.495.53 25,000 - 49,99932.93.934.84.02 50,000 - 74,9990.471.191.793.012.08 75,000 - 99,9990.870.631.621.52 100,000 - 199,9993.142.583.284.413.61 200,000 - 299,99901.432.612.762.23 300,000 - 399,99902.12.131.631.74 400,000 - 499,9990001.590.67 500,000 - 599,9992.472.142.172.052.14 600,000 - 749,9990001.340.56 750,000 - 999,99901.6402.371.33 1,000,000 - 1,999,99902.344.131.722.43 2,000,000004.157.854.55

5. RankArea Name Census PopulationChange April 1, 2000April 1, 1990Number% 1New York--Northern New Jersey--Long Island, NY--NJ--CT--PA CMSA21,199,86519,549,6491,650,2168.4% 2Los Angeles--Riverside--Orange County, CA CMSA16,373,64514,531,5291,842,11612.7% 3Chicago--Gary--Kenosha, IL--IN--WI CMSA9,157,5408,239,820917,72011.1% 4Washington--Baltimore, DC--MD--VA--WV CMSA7,608,0706,727,050881,02013.1% 5San Francisco--Oakland--San Jose, CA CMSA7,039,3626,253,311786,05112.6% 6Philadelphia--Wilmington--Atlantic City, PA--NJ--DE--MD CMSA6,188,4635,892,937295,5265.0% 7Boston--Worcester--Lawrence, MA--NH--ME--CT CMSA5,819,1005,455,403363,6976.7% 8Detroit--Ann Arbor--Flint, MI CMSA5,456,4285,187,171269,2575.2% 9Dallas--Fort Worth, TX CMSA5,221,8014,037,2821,184,51929.3% 10Houston--Galveston--Brazoria, TX CMSA4,669,5713,731,131938,44025.2% 11Atlanta, GA MSA4,112,1982,959,9501,152,24838.9% 12Miami--Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA3,876,3803,192,582683,79821.4% 13Seattle--Tacoma--Bremerton, WA CMSA3,554,7602,970,328584,43219.7% 14Phoenix--Mesa, AZ MSA3,251,8762,238,4801,013,39645.3% 15Minneapolis--St. Paul, MN--WI MSA2,968,8062,538,834429,97216.9% 16Cleveland--Akron, OH CMSA2,945,8312,859,64486,1873.0% 17San Diego, CA MSA2,813,8332,498,016315,81712.6% 18St. Louis, MO--IL MSA2,603,6072,492,525111,0824.5% 19Denver--Boulder--Greeley, CO CMSA2,581,5061,980,140601,36630.4% 20San Juan--Caguas--Arecibo, PR CMSA2,450,2922,270,808179,4847.9%

7. Decade Net Immigration Immigration Index Black Migration from South Black Migration Index 1870 - 1880 1,876,00036.2 68,00035.1 1880 - 1890 3,757,00072.4 88,00045.4 1890 - 1900 2,888,00055.7 185,00095.4 1900 - 1910 5,188,000100.0 194,000100.0 1910 - 1920 2,888,00055.7 555,000286.1 1920 - 1930 2,443,00047.1 903,000465.5 1930 - 1940-122,000-2.4 480,000247.4 1940 - 1950 974,00018.8 1,581,000814.9 Foreign immigration and Southern born black migration

8. Segregation in U.S. cities 1.1890-1940 : Birth of the ghetto 2.1940-1970 : Consolidation and expansion of the ghetto 3.1970 – 1990 : Decline in segregation nationwide

9. Reasons for segregation Around 1950: Segregation enforced by whites limiting blacks access to white neighborhoods In 1990: Whites pay more for the same type of housing in neighborhoods without blacks.

10. Index of dissimilarity N is the total number of neighborhoods Value of index ranges from 0-1 Measures the share of either the black or white population would need to change areas for the races to be evenly distributed in a city < 0.3 is considered low 0.3 – 0.6 is moderate > 0.6 is considered high

14. A foot in the door … 194019601990 City SuburbsCitySuburbs Number of census tracts in all cities 6,113 13,310 9,378 16,664 27,183 Percentage of tracts with black share Exactly zero21.219.622.37.314.7 0-139.136.248.010.225.0 1-515.612.413.323.730.0 5-158.38.88.218.815.3 15-253.64.22.97.45.3 25-504.25.42.99.44.9 50-753.24.61.37.02.4 75-901.93.40.65.01.1 90-981.83.10.36.50.9 98-1001.02.30.24.80.4

15. Attitudinal changes “White people should have a right to keep blacks out of their neighborhoods if they want to, and blacks should respect that right.” YearWhites agreeing 196360% 198034% 199613%

16. Measure Blacks From Whites Hispanics From Whites Asians From Whites Index of Dissimarility 198073.951.041.8 199068.950.741.9 200065.251.642.2 Average Percentage change in decade 1980 to 1990-5.80.71.9 1990 to 2000-4.64.92.1 Number of Metropolises, by direction of change: 1980-2000 Index of segregation higher in 20001512469 Index of segregation lower in 20002408647 Recent changes in segregation