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Urban Neighborhoods and the Persistence of Racial Inequality Patrick Sharkey New York University February 17, 2015
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Outline for the talk: 1)The end of progress toward racial equality 2)A multigenerational perspective on neighborhood inequality 3)The consequences of persistent neighborhood inequality 4)Implications for urban policy 5)A hopeful conclusion
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Outline for the talk: 1)The end of progress toward racial equality 2)A multigenerational perspective on neighborhood inequality 3)The consequences of persistent neighborhood inequality 4)Implications for urban policy 5)A hopeful conclusion
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The end of progress toward racial equality: Family income Pew Research, Social and Demographic Trends: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/22/race-demographics/
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The end of progress toward racial equality: Economic mobility
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The end of progress toward racial equality: Absolute mobility
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Outline for the talk: 1)The end of progress toward racial equality 2)A multigenerational perspective on neighborhood inequality 3)The consequences of persistent neighborhood inequality 4)Implications for urban policy 5)A hopeful conclusion
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Continuity in racialized neighborhood inequality
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Sharkey, in press. “Spatial segmentation and the black middle class.” American Journal of Sociology Continuity in racialized neighborhood inequality
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Sharkey 2008. “The Intergenerational Transmission of Context.” American Journal of Sociology. % of all parent/child pairs living in poor neighborhoods over consecutive generations
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Sharkey 2008. “The Intergenerational Transmission of Context.” American Journal of Sociology. % of individuals in poor neighborhoods whose parent was also raised in a poor neighborhood
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Outline for the talk: 1)The end of progress toward racial equality 2)A multigenerational perspective on neighborhood inequality 3)The consequences of persistent neighborhood inequality 4)Implications for urban policy 5)A hopeful conclusion
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CHILD’S DEVELOPMENT CHILD’S NEIGHBORHOOD School Exposure to violence Peers Mental health Standard theoretical model of “neighborhood effects”
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CHILD’S DEVELOPMENT CHILD’S NEIGHBORHOOD School Exposure to violence Peers Mental health Multigenerational model of “neighborhood effects” Education Occupation Income Mental health Parenting style PARENT’S NEIGHBORHOOD
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The consequences of multigenerational neighborhood disadvantage: Economic mobility Sharkey 2009. “Neighborhoods and the black-white mobility gap.” Economic Mobility Project.
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Sharkey, Stuck In Place. The consequences of multigenerational neighborhood disadvantage: Educational aspirations
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Sharkey and Elwert. 2011. “The Legacy of Disadvantage: Multigenerational Neighborhood Effects on Cognitive Ability.” American Journal of Sociology. The consequences of multigenerational neighborhood disadvantage: Cognitive skills
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Outline for the talk: 1)The end of progress toward racial equality 2)A multigenerational perspective on neighborhood inequality 3)The consequences of persistent neighborhood inequality 4)Implications for urban policy 5)A hopeful conclusion
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Policy with the capacity to: Disrupt multigenerational patterns of neighborhood inequality Generate transformative changes in places and in families ’ lives Confront neighborhood inequality on a national scale and withstand fluctuations in the political mood and the business cycle “ Durable urban policy ”
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What does “durable” mobility look like? Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity Sampson 2010. “Moving to Inequality: Neighborhood Effects and Experiments Meet Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology. Map from DeLuca and Rosenblatt (2008). “ Can poor black families escape segregated neighborhoods? ”
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Keels et al. 2005. “Fifteen years later: Can residential mobility programs provide a long-term escape from neighborhood segregation, crime, and poverty?” Demography. The long-term impact of Gautreaux on participating families ’ neighborhoods
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The structure of residential mobility in Chicago: Evidence from MTO Sampson 2010. “Moving to Inequality: Neighborhood Effects and Experiments Meet Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology.
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The long-term impact of MTO on participating families ’ neighborhoods Ludwig et al. 2012. “Neighborhood Effects on the Long-Term Well-Being of Low- Income Adults.” Science.
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What does “durable” investment look like? Purpose Built Communities
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What does “durable” investment look like? Harlem Children’s Zone
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What does “durable” policy look like? Inclusionary Zoning
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Mobility policies that promote dramatic, sustained changes in families ’ environments –Example: Gautreaux; Baltimore Mobility Program “ Durable urban policy ”
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Investments that reach multiple generations –Examples: New Hope (Milwaukee); Harlem Children’s Zone “ Durable urban policy ”
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Investments with the potential to create permanent or transformative change in communities –Example: Mandatory inclusionary zoning; Purpose Built Communities “ Durable urban policy ”
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Investments/programs/policies implemented on a national scale with the potential to withstand shifts in economy and political mood –Example: ? “ Durable urban policy ”
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Outline for the talk: 1)The end of progress toward racial equality 2)A multigenerational perspective on neighborhood inequality 3)The consequences of persistent neighborhood inequality 4)Implications for urban policy 5)A hopeful conclusion
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Since the early 1970s, federal urban policy has been dominated by a narrative linking cities/race/violence The Great American Crime Decline has weakened these connections and opened space for a new model of urban policy Our nation’s urban policy agenda
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The Great American Crime Decline
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Source: FBI Uniform Crime Reports Violence has dropped the most in the most violent cities
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CityTime Period Absolute ChangeRelative Change Highest Quintile RemainderHighest QuintileRemainder Chicago2001-2012-109.67-32.31-28.92-32.57 Cleveland1990-2010-175.8319.27-43.2818.39 Denver1990-2010-95.42-10.77-47.54-20.32 Philadelphia1998-2009-62.65-2.00-22.91-2.95 Seattle1996-2007-67.32-10.47-28.54-23.80 St. Petersburg2000-2012-202.31-41.31-42.94-46.72 Violence has dropped the most in the most violent neighborhoods
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Violence has dropped the most in the most violent neighborhoods
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Exposure to neighborhood violence by poverty status
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Exposure to neighborhood violence by race/ethnicity
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Since the early 1970s, federal urban policy has been dominated by a narrative linking cities/race/violence The Great American Crime Decline has weakened these connections and opened space for a new model of urban policy The central question is: What will the next model of urban policy look like? Our nation’s urban policy agenda
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Thanks to Richard Parks, Gary Painter and Jessica Booker for invitation and organization of the visit. Thanks also to: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation William T. Grant Foundation
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