1. Fungal Diseases of Banana
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2. Click on the disease Sigatoka leaf spots Anthracnose Fusarium wilt
Freckle leaf spot
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Click on the disease

3. Sigatoka leaf spots
Yellow Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella after the Sigatoka Valley in Fiji where an outbreak of this disease reached epidemic proportions from 1912 to 1923.
Black Sigatoka, also known as black leaf streak, was named for its similarities with the Yellow Sigatoka
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4. Sigatoka leaf spots Symptoms
Initially, tiny brown streaks appear on the underside of the third and fourth leaves.
After the streak stage, spots develop. These spots increase in size and gradually turn brown in color.
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5. Sigatoka leaf spots Symptoms
When the disease progresses these spots further increase in size, join with each other forming large dead areas on the leaf preventing photosynthetic functioning of the leaf.
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6. Sigatoka leaf spots Symptoms
Destruction of mature and functional leaves in large number leads to failure of bunches to fill out and ripen.
Fruit set will be poor with reduced size, uneven ripening and angular shape having discolored flesh.
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7. Sigatoka leaf spots Spread of disease
The fungus produces conidia and ascospores, both of which are infective.
They are formed under high moisture conditions, and are disseminated by wind, and in the case of conidia, also by rain and irrigation water.
Infected planting material and leaves, which are used often as packing materials, are usually responsible for the long-distance spread of the disease.
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8. Sigatoka leaf spots Spread of disease
Humid weather and high rainfall periods hasten the development and faster spread of the disease.
Under a crowded canopy and humid condition, the conidia rapidly spread the disease on to a susceptible variety.
Soils with poor drainage and low fertility are more conducive for disease build up.
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9. Sigatoka leaf spots Management
The suckers brought for planting should be disease free. They should be dipped in a fungicide solution before planting.
Proper, wider spacing must be practiced. The orchard must be clean and free from weeds and grasses to avoid humidity build up.
Severely infected plants and leaf blades should be removed and destroyed.
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10. Sigatoka leaf spots Management
Periodical roguing of diseased leaves reduces the spread of the disease.
The land should be well drained and leveled to avoid any water stagnation.
Application of Thiophante methyl 1 g/l or bordeaux mixture 0.1 per cent + 2 per cent linseed oil or captan 2 g/l can manage the yellow sigatoka disease.
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11. One of the following fungicides also can be sprayed.
Sigatoka leaf spots
Management
One of the following fungicides also can be sprayed.
Carbendazim 1 g/l
Benomyl 1 g/l or Mancozeb 2 g/l
Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/l
Ziram 2 ml/l
Chlorothalonil 2 g/l
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12. Anthracnose
It is an important post-harvest problem of bananas especially during transport and storage.
Infection in young fruit is not always manifested until the fruit ripens,
Pulp of diseased fruit is usually not affected unless the fruit is over-ripe.
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13. Anthracnose
Symptoms
On green fruit, pin-size brown or black sunken spots develop. The peel has dark-brown to black diamond-shaped lesions about 8 x 3 cm in size.
The centers of the spots become dark because of the formation of small black fruiting bodies of the fungus.
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14. Anthracnose
Symptoms
On yellowing fruit, brown spots initially appear that later become sunken and covered with orange spore masses.
A tip rot may develop and can rot the entire fruit but the pulp is usually not affected unless the fruit is overripe.
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15. The fungus thrives in heavy rainfall and temperate weather conditions.
Anthracnose
Spread of disease
Anthracnose spreads to banana plants by wind, insects, water and birds.
The fungus thrives in heavy rainfall and temperate weather conditions.
The fungus that causes anthracnose also causes crown rot, another rot-disease of banana.
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16. Practice good field sanitation.
Anthracnose
Management
Practice good field sanitation.
Minimize bruising during fruit handling.
Treat the fruit with hot water for 5 min at 50°C.
Proper sanitation of handling facilities
Sprays of jathropa oil extract at 5000 ppm (5 ml of oil extract in 5 litres of water) significantly controlled anthracnose and ripening was delayed by 12 days (Philippine Organic Agriculture Information Network)
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17. Spray copper oxychloride 0.25%
Anthracnose
Management
Chemical control is effective in the early stages of infection with one of the following fungicides.
Spray copper oxychloride 0.25%
Bordeaux mixture 1%
Chlorothalonil 0.2%
Carbendazim 0.1%.
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18. Fusarium Wilt Symptoms
The first internal symptoms develop in feeder roots, the initial sites of infection.
As the pseudostem is colonized, faint brown streaks or flecks become evident on and within older leaf sheaths.
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19. Fusarium Wilt Symptoms
Eventually, large portions of the xylem turn a brick red to brown color.
The first external symptoms of Panama disease are a yellowing of the oldest leaves.
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20. A younger plant will die soon
Fusarium Wilt
Symptoms
The infected leaves fall in order, from oldest to youngest, until they hang around the plant like a “skirt” of dead leaves.
A younger plant will die soon
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21. Root tips are the natural, initial sites of infection.
Fusarium Wilt
Spread of Disease
Infected rhizomes are a common means by which this pathogen is disseminated.
The pathogen can also spread in soil and running water, and on farm implements and machinery.
Root tips are the natural, initial sites of infection.
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22. No chemical was found to be effective in controlling this disease.
Fusarium Wilt
Management
No chemical was found to be effective in controlling this disease.
So it is necessary to take preventive measures to avoid occurrence of the disease.
Select suckers from fields free from this disease for planting.
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23. Fusarium Wilt Management
Burn the infected plants in the field and destroy weeds surrounding the area with herbicides.
If possible, restrict the movement of human or domestic animals in the infected area.
Sterilize the farm tools with disinfectant such as household bleaching solution (e.g. Clorox) before using them in another garden.
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24. This disease affects both leaves and fruits of banana.
Freckle leaf spot
Symptoms
This disease affects both leaves and fruits of banana.
It is caused by a fungus, which has two names, Phyllosticta musarum and Guignardia musae. mptoms
This has occurred because the fungus produces two types of spores.
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25. Freckle Leaf Spot Symptoms
The most characteristic symptom of both types of spot is a sandpaper feel to the leaf and fruit.
This is caused by the fungal structures protruding through the surface of the leaf.
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26. Both the large and small spots are dark brown to black in color.
Freckle leaf spot
Symptoms
Both the large and small spots are dark brown to black in color.
The small spots are less than 1mm in diameter and appear sooty (Fig.).
They can run together to form streaks.
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27. Freckle leaf spot Symptoms
The larger spots are up to 4mm in diameter and can also appear as streaks.
Spots can also appear on the midrib of the leaf (Fig.) and on the petioles.
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28. These spores are also spread by wind.
Freckle leaf spot
Symptoms
Reproductive spores are emitted from the leaf in wet weather and the water moves the spores as it runs across the leaves.
These spores are also spread by wind.
This leads to the streaking.
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29. Freckle leaf spot Management
Mancozeb, DMIs and Benomyl, which are used to control yellow Sigatoka, will provide effective control of this disease also.
The use of a plastic bag cover over the bunch may in the long run be the most economical control for freckle.
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