2. Classification of Living Organisms Objective 3b

3. Discussion! How is a grocery organized? What would happen if you had a list of groceries you needed & the store had no method to arranging the products? What can you tell me about a Kasz? How would you describe it if I told you it was classified as a fish?

4. What does it mean to classify? Classification is a system used to organize organism into groups based on similar characteristics Why would it be important to classify living things? It is estimated that there are 5 to 30 million different species, which is only 5% of all organisms throughout Earth’s history Close to 2 million have been identified & described New species are being discovered every year Allows biologist to study organisms easier Biologist are better able to determine how closely related organisms are

5. History of Classification Aristotle was a Greek philosopher from the year 384BC – 322BC He was the 1 st known to classify living things scientifically Divided organisms into the plant or animal group

6. History of Classification Although Aristotle’s system was ingenious for its time it had flaws Ex. Worms & Elephants were in the same category 2000 years later a new system was created by Carolus Linnaeus that became the basis for the system we use today

7. Carl Linnaeus Known as the Father of Taxonomy Wrote The classification of living things, “Systema Naturae”, published in 1758 Developed the 1st modern classification hierarchy Divided living things into 2 major groups called kingdoms Plants Animals Grouped plants & animals based on similarities of both internal & external structures Ex. Backbone or no backbone Tools & technology allow us to study organisms more closely today causing scientist to now recognize the need for more kingdoms

8. Taxonomy The Science of naming & classifying organisms based on their similarities & differences Linnaues’ system include 7 taxonomical levels of hierarchy Kingdom is the highest, contains the most amount of organisms, & is the most general Species is the lowest, contains the least amount of organism, & is the most specific At each level, organisms within a group are more like each other than organisms in other groups

9. - Classifying Organisms Levels of Classification As you move down the levels of classification, the number of organisms decreases. The organisms at lower levels share more characteristics with each other.

10. Human Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Homininae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

11. Naming Organisms Linnaeus use two Latin names to describe an organisms genus & species What do you notice about the genus & species names from the chart? Genus is capitalized & italicized species is lowercase & italicized This method of naming organisms is called binomial nomenclature means "two-word naming system.“ Makes it easier for scientist to communicate about an organism According to the charts what is the scientific name for polar bears? Humans?

12. Grouping Polar Bear ClassificationCharacteristicsExample Animals KingdomAnimaliaMulti-cellular jellyfish, shark, aardvark, tiger, panda, grizzly, polar bear PhylumChordatavertebrate shark, aardvark, tiger, panda, grizzly, polar bear ClassMammaliahair, produces milkaardvark, tiger, panda, grizzly, polar bear OrderCarnivora eats meat, pointed teethtiger, panda, grizzly, polar bear FamilyUrsidae short tail, five toes each foot panda, grizzly, polar bear GenusUrsus“true bears” grizzly, polar bear Speciesmaritimusarctic habitatpolar bear The table shows that the polar bear and the aardvark are in the same class (Mammalia) but not the same order (Carnivora). What characteristic does the polar bear have that the aardvark does not?

13. Today’s System For hundreds of years, all organisms were classified as either plants or animals. However, as more organisms were discovered, scientists found some organisms that did not fit well into these two kingdoms. Ex. Mushrooms have characteristics of both plants and animals Scientists started adding new kingdoms to include new discoveries. Eventually, they found that organisms in some kingdoms were closely related to those in other kingdoms. Today, scientists group kingdoms into 3 domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

14. Domain Bacteria Bacteria can be found in air, soil, water, and even on and inside the human body Most bacteria is good & helpful Makes yogurt Breaks down food in the digestive tract & produces vitamin K Some bacteria causes diseases & are harmful Strep throat Pneumonia

15. Domain Archaea Made up of made up of prokaryotes Prokaryotes are one celled organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles Live in extreme environments where other organisms could not survive Extremely salty water Deep-sea vents in the ocean with extremely high temperatures

16. Domain Eukarya Organisms whose cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus are called eukaryotes Divided into 4 kingdoms Animals Plants Fungi Protists

17. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Made of complex, multi-cellular organisms Their cells do not have cell walls All are heterotrophs because they can not make their own food. Able to move from place to place Have sense organs that help them react quickly to their environment 2 categories: Vertebrates: Animals that have a backbone Invertebrates: Animals that do not have a backbone

18. Animal Classification

19. Animals Vertebrates Mammals Fish Reptiles Amphibians Birds Invertebrates Flatworms True worms Molluscs Echinoderms Cnidarians Arthropods

20. KINGDOM PLANTAE Have cell walls Autotrophs because they can make their own food. Make food by photosynthesis

21. KINGDOM FUNGI Most are multi-cellular eukaryotes Ex.Molds and mushrooms Some fungi (singular, fungus) are unicellular Ex. Yeast Have a cell wall like plants but do not perform photosynthesis due to a lack of chlorophyll Heterotrophs like animals but do not eat food as animals do Get energy by breaking down materials from dead or decaying organism in the environment Reproduce by spores

22. KINGDOM PROTISTA (common name: Protist) Unicellular or simple multi-cellular Eukaryotic organisms Includes 3 types: Animal-like, Plant-like, & Fungus-like

23. Animal-like Protist Protozoa are protists that resemble animals cells They are heterotrophs Able to move from place to place to obtain food They are unicellular Examples Ameobas are psudopods (false-foot) that live in either water or soil and feed on bacteria and smaller protists Paramecium are ciliates (hair-like projections) that live mostly in fresh water and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. Giardia are flagella (whiplike projections for movement) that live in the intestines of termites Plasmodium are parasitic organisms that cause malaria

24. Plant-like Protist Plantlike protists are called algae. Most are autotrophs & can perform photosynthesis Play a significant role in helping sustain many environments Most are Unicellular Ex. phytoplankton Some algae are multi-cellular Ex. Kelp (brown algae)

25. Fungus-like Protist Have a cell wall Heterotrophs Use spores to reproduce Include 3 types Slime molds Water molds Downey mildew

26. Review

27. Compare & Contrast Domain or Kingdom Cell Type and Number Able to Make Food? Bacteria Archaea Eukarya: Protists Fungi Plants Animals Prokaryotes; unicellularSome are able to make food Yes No Prokaryotes; unicellular Eukaryotes; unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotes; multicellular No

28. Group time Review Why is a two-kingdom classification system no longer used b y scientists? Use a double bubble to compare & contrast Prokaryotic organisms with Eukaryotic organisms. Use a double bubble to compare members of the Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Fungi

29. The Classification Game!! In the following few slides, you will find14 different organisms, each of them labeled with a letter. In the following few slides, you will find14 different organisms, each of them labeled with a letter. In your groups, write down two main classification In your groups, write down two main classification Then place the corresponding letters under the correct classification. Then place the corresponding letters under the correct classification.

31. One Possible Solution Plants Animals ????

32. Any other solutions?? You might have done color, shape, size, number of legs You might have done color, shape, size, number of legs Did you encountered one or two that really did not fit into either of your two classifications Did you encountered one or two that really did not fit into either of your two classifications What should you do when this happens? What should you do when this happens? Make a new classification of course! Make a new classification of course!