1. Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn and Garden
Tom A. Royer
Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology
Oklahoma State University

2. Oklahoma State University
What is IPM?
IPM is a sustainable approach that combines the use of prevention, avoidance, monitoring, and suppression strategies in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks
~USDA-CSREES 1998~
Oklahoma State University

3. Oklahoma State University
What is IPM?
Comprehensive: integration of pest control tactics (preventative and remedial), applied when needed (monitoring) considers multiple pests, and is based on sound science
Economically sound
Environmentally responsible
Meets needs of society
Oklahoma State University

4. Oklahoma State University
What is IPM?
Before WWII  multiple tactics to limit pest damage
After WWII  chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT), organophosphates, etc.
Golden Age of Insecticides
Silent Spring
Integrated Pest Management
Oklahoma State University

5. IPM Master Plan Design: Keys to Success
Commitment
Thorough planning
Adequate information
Economically feasible
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6. The Opponent: What is a Pest?
A pest is any organism that interferes with the interests of humans, such as food, fiber, and health (a plant, fungus or animal that is out of place)
Arthropods
Insects, mites, ticks
Other invertebrates
Slugs, nematodes
Plant pathogens
Virus, fungi, bacteria
Plants
“Weeds,” volunteer crop plants
Vertebrates
Deer, gophers, birds, people
Oklahoma State University

7. The Opponent: What is a Pest?
Abiotic “pests”
Nutrient imbalances
Water imbalances
Toxic chemicals
Temperature extremes
Mechanical injury
Oklahoma State University

8. Designing an IPM Master Plan
First Things first
An ability to properly identify pest
Needed: an understanding of the pests requirements to live.
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9. Favorable Environment
Cultural Control
Plant Disease Triangle
Favorable Environment
Virulent Pathogen
Susceptible Host
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10. Cultural Control Insect Life Cycles Complete Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis
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11. Oklahoma State University
Cultural Control
Weed Life Cycles
Oklahoma State University

12. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Defense:
Plays that prevent pest outbreaks
Biological Control
Cultural Control
Regulatory Control
Genetic Control
Physical/Mechanical Control
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13. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Biological control:
Use of natural enemies to help manage pests below economic levels
Biological
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14. Biological Control The 3 P’s: Predators, Parasites, Pathogens
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15. Oklahoma State University
Biological Control
Parasite of insects
Parasitic wasps
Parasitic flies
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16. Oklahoma State University
Biological Control
Predators: larger than the prey, eat many prey, fast moving, generalist eaters.
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17. Oklahoma State University
Biological Control
Pathogens: insects get sick too!
Aphid fungus
disease
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18. Oklahoma State University
Biological Control
Classical
Most effective against imported pests. Natural enemies from native land are imported and released
Augmentation (supplemental releases)
Inoculation – periodic releases, especially at key times, such as in a greenhouse
Inundation – release in large numbers
Conservation
Manipulation of the environment or habitat
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19. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Biological
Cultural
Oklahoma State University

20. Oklahoma State University
Cultural Control
Selecting healthy plants to begin with
Good horticultural practices, placing plants in the
proper growing conditions in the landscape
Sanitation: cleaning up debris (hiding places) and
cleaning up dead plants to reduce overwintering
survival
Host-plant resistance: selecting plants that are tolerant or resistant to pests.
Oklahoma State University

21. Oklahoma State University
Cultural Control
Plant selection
Well adapted (OK Proven)
Healthy
Known pests that might occur regularly
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22. Oklahoma State University
Cultural Control
Good horticultural practices
Site selection
Adequate fertility
Adequate sunlight
Adequate water
Proper pruning
A stressed plant is:
more attractive to pests
less able to defend itself
more likely to suffer injury
Oklahoma State University

23. Oklahoma State University
Cultural Control
Host-plant resistance
Antixenosis (non-preference)
The inability of a plant to serve as a host; usually repellent to the pest
Antibiosis
Plant has adverse effect on pest’s survival, longevity, or fecundity
Tolerance
Despite pest damage, plant produces a greater yield than would a susceptible cultivar
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24. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Regulatory
Cultural
Biological
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25. Oklahoma State University
Regulatory Control
Keeping exotic/native pests from establishing or expanding through regulation:
Quarantine – Pine shoot beetle, emerald ash borer
Area-wide eradication programs - boll weevil
Noxious weed laws - musk thistle
Special treatment of imported goods: Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, Japanese beetle.
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26. Red Imported Fire Ant Quarantined Areas
Regulatory Control
Red Imported Fire Ant Quarantined Areas
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27. Japanese beetle distribution in Oklahoma
Regulatory Control
Japanese beetle distribution in Oklahoma
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28. Oklahoma State University
Regulatory Control
Asian Longhorned Beetle
Cottonwood Borer
Common in OK
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29. Oklahoma State University
Regulatory Control
Emerald Ash Borer
Sprouts below larval
galleries
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30. Oklahoma State University
Regulatory Control
Disease discovered in Calif. oaks in 1995
Also infects nursery stock
Sudden Oak Death
On camellia
Sprouts below larval
galleries
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On vibernum

31. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Genetic
Regulatory
Cultural
Biological
Oklahoma State University

32. Oklahoma State University
Genetic Control
Control through manipulation of genetic material of pest.
Sterile male technique with screwworm
Mating disruption with pheromones works in much the same way, disrupting the reproductive process.
Oklahoma State University

33. Oklahoma State University
Genetic Control
Use of transgenic technology could be classified as genetic control.
Varieties that have been transformed to resist plant pathogens
Plants that have been transformed to resist herbicides
Plants that have been transformed to make their own insecticide.
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34. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Physical &
Mechanical
Genetic
Regulatory
Cultural
Biological
Oklahoma State University

35. Oklahoma State University
Mechanical Control
Use of physical barriers, machines
or objects to prevent an infestation (preventative), or kill the
pest (remedial)
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36. Mechanical/Physical Control
Examples:
Horticultural fabrics to cover plants (preventative)
Sticky bands around a tree for elm leaf beetle (remedial)
Use of cold or heat to kill (remedial)
Flyswatter (remedial)
Oklahoma State University

37. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Offense: (Remedial)
Options that correct a pest outbreak once it has occurred.
Mechanical Control (Some)
Chemical Control
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38. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Don’t About a Good
Forget Scouting Program
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39. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Chemical
Scouting
Physical &
Mechanical
Genetic
Cultural
Regulatory
Biological
Oklahoma State University

40. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Pheromone traps
Light traps
Sticky tape
Tools for Scouting
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41. Designing an IPM Master Plan
Chemical
Biological
Cultural
Genetic
Physical &
Mechanical
Regulatory
Oklahoma State University

42. Oklahoma State University
Chemical Control
Pesticides:
New ones are more specific, less toxic, and have new modes of action. Often exploiting biologically active chemicals within the pests’ physiology
Other chemical controls:
Pheromones: mating disruption
Attractants: baits laced with toxins
Plants that produce their own pesticide
Oklahoma State University

43. Oklahoma State University
Mode of Action
Must be aware of how the insecticide works for proper evaluation of effectiveness and health hazards for applicators
Specific, slow acting modes of action (MOA) may be useful for preserving beneficial insects
Very important for resistance management considerations; i.e.. rotation of MOA’s
Sometimes can get synergistic interaction with mixes of insecticides with different MOA’s
Oklahoma State University

44. Oklahoma State University
Chemical Nature
Residual activity, route of entry, effectiveness under different temperatures, potential for off-target movement.
Some compounds last much longer.
Some work better in “hot” weather, others work best in cool conditions, some are “systemic”.
Some compounds volatize, bind with soil, etc...
Water pH in tank can affect some compounds.
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45. Oklahoma State University
Spectrum of Activity
Preservation of beneficials, potential to cause secondary pest outbreaks, usefulness for multiple pest control.
OP’s, pyrethroids, carbamates have wide spectrum of activity (however some compounds within each class may be more selective).
Gaucho, Confirm, Dipel have more narrow spectrum of activity.
Oklahoma State University

46. Resistance Management
What Is Pesticide Resistance?
A heritable characteristic that permits a pest to survive exposure to a full field rate of a properly applied pesticide. It may lead to field failure. It is most likely to arise as a result of poor application technique or failure to follow resistant management guidelines.
Oklahoma State University

47. How Does Resistance Develop
Many acres of crop are treated with the same chemical control, exposing nearly all of the pest population to the toxin.
Susceptible individuals are killed, and those rare individuals that have some genetic ResistancE, survive. They REPRODUCE, and pass along those “resistance genes” to the general PEST population.
The selection cycle continues, and before long, the RESISTANCE GENE IS PREVALENT IN THE POPULATION
Oklahoma State University

48. Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
Types of Pesticide Resistance
Pests may become resistant through the development of a number of mechanisms. These include:
Metabolic Resistance – enhanced ability to detoxify
Target Site Modification – genetic control of target site
Delayed Penetration – pesticide penetration is slowed
Behavioral Resistance – pest detects and avoids
Oklahoma State University

49. Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
What is IRAC?
The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee was formed in 1984 to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. Our aim is to keep all classes of insecticides & acaricides as viable control options. By maintaining efficacy, IRAC is dedicated to the support of sustainable agriculture and vector control.
Oklahoma State University

50. Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
Mode of Action Classes
IRAC has developed a mode of action classification based upon the known ways in which different products act. Effective resistance management (IRM) is dependent on reducing selection pressure and IRAC has developed and recommends strategies that involve using different modes of action. IRAC promotes product labeling to help growers practice effective IRM through the use of alternations or sequences of modes of action. IRAC is investigating the value of rotational programs in managing resistance in malaria transmitting mosquitoes.
Oklahoma State University

51. Resources for Master Gardener IPM
Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers
(Info on Biological Control)
Bio-Integral Resource Center
(Info on Urban IPM)
IPM Institute of North America
(info on School IPM
National Sustainable Agricultural Information Service
(Info on organic gardening)
Oklahoma State University

52. Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn and Garden
Tom A. Royer
Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology
Oklahoma State University