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Published byHelena Patterson Modified over 9 years ago
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Running Water 6.1
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Water Water Everywhere About 97.2% of water is in oceans Ice sheets and glaciers = 2.15% .65% = divided among lakes, streams, groundwater, and the atmosphere About 97.2% of water is in oceans Ice sheets and glaciers = 2.15% .65% = divided among lakes, streams, groundwater, and the atmosphere
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The Water Cycle Unending circulation of Earth’s water supply Water changes states Powered by the sun Unending circulation of Earth’s water supply Water changes states Powered by the sun
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The Water Cycle 1. Evaporation = liquid to gas Water evaporates from oceans and continents into atmosphere 2. Condensation = gas to liquid Moisture condenses into clouds 3. Precipitation = rain and snow Falls into oceans = 1 full cycle Falls onto land = must make its way back to oceans 1. Evaporation = liquid to gas Water evaporates from oceans and continents into atmosphere 2. Condensation = gas to liquid Moisture condenses into clouds 3. Precipitation = rain and snow Falls into oceans = 1 full cycle Falls onto land = must make its way back to oceans
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The Water Cycle 4. Runoff = when rate of rainfall exceeds Earth’s ability to absorb it, excess water flows over the surface into lakes and streams 5. Infiltration = water soaks into land and seeps into lakes, streams, oceans 6. Transpiration = evaporation of water from plants 4. Runoff = when rate of rainfall exceeds Earth’s ability to absorb it, excess water flows over the surface into lakes and streams 5. Infiltration = water soaks into land and seeps into lakes, streams, oceans 6. Transpiration = evaporation of water from plants
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How the Water Cycle Works
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Earth’s Water Balance Water cycle is balanced Average annual precipitation on Earth = amount of water that evaporates Can have local imbalances Wind belts Precipitation exceeds evaporation over continents Water cycle is balanced Average annual precipitation on Earth = amount of water that evaporates Can have local imbalances Wind belts Precipitation exceeds evaporation over continents
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Streamflow Water moves downslope due to gravity Ability of stream to erode and transport materials is due to its velocity Velocity = distance/time Velocity influenced by: 1. Stream’s gradient 2. Shape, size, and roughness of channel 3. Stream’s discharge Water moves downslope due to gravity Ability of stream to erode and transport materials is due to its velocity Velocity = distance/time Velocity influenced by: 1. Stream’s gradient 2. Shape, size, and roughness of channel 3. Stream’s discharge
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Gradient Gradient = slope or steepness of a stream channel Steeper the gradient = more energy the stream has Gradient = slope or steepness of a stream channel Steeper the gradient = more energy the stream has
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Gradient
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Channel Characteristics Stream channel = main path of the river or stream Water flows --> friction from sides and bottoms of channel Channel filled with boulders decreases velocity Channel with sand and clay (smooth) increases velocity Larger channels = more efficient water flow Stream channel = main path of the river or stream Water flows --> friction from sides and bottoms of channel Channel filled with boulders decreases velocity Channel with sand and clay (smooth) increases velocity Larger channels = more efficient water flow
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Discharge Discharge = volume of water/time Meters 3 per second Impacts channel size and velocity Additional water = channel widens and deepens Additional water = less friction --> water moves faster Discharge = volume of water/time Meters 3 per second Impacts channel size and velocity Additional water = channel widens and deepens Additional water = less friction --> water moves faster
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Discharge Urbanization around a stream channel More pavement (streets, parking lots, buildings) = increases surface runoff Less water soaks into ground Urbanization around a stream channel More pavement (streets, parking lots, buildings) = increases surface runoff Less water soaks into ground
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The Effects of Urbanization
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