3. Topographic Effects

9. The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws.

10. Properties of Water liquid at ambient temperature solid state less dense than liquid- max density @ 4 o C specific heat- absorbs heat; stabilizing temperatures within geographic regions thermal conductivity heat of vaporization transparent- absorbs IR & UV polar solvent

11. Statistics for Earth's Water water covers >70% of the earth's surface Oceans97.61% Polar Ice & Glaciers 2.08 Groundwater 0.29 Freshwater lakes 0.009 Saline Lakes 0.008 Soil Moisture 0.005 Rivers 0.00009 Atmosphere 0.0009

12. Hydrologic Cycle

13. Hydrologic Principles The amount of water that soil holds, and its availability to plants, varies with the physical properties of the soil. Capillary Action and Surface Tension Soil Water Potential and Field Capacity As soil water decreases, the remainder is held by increasingly stronger forces.

14. Temperature life processes occur within the range at which water is a liquid (0-100 o C) few plants and animals can survive body temperatures above 45 o C the freezing point of water may be lowered by dissolved substances tissues of most animals freeze at a higher temperature than that of sea water

15. Inorganic Nutrients nitrogen phosphorus sulfur potassium calcium magnesium iron

16. Major Nutrients and Functions Nitrogen (N): component of proteins and nucleic acids Phosphorus (P): component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and bone Sulfur (S): component of many proteins Calcium (Ca): bone; regulator of cell permeability

17. Major Nutrients and Functions Magnesium (Mg): component of chlorophyll; involved in enzyme function Iron (Fe): component of hemoglobin and many enzymes Sodium (Na): major solute in extracellular fluid of animals

18. Hydrology and Drainage Basin Morphology

19. Water Balance Equation Inputs-Outputs + Storage = 0 or P=RO+ET+ S where: P= precipitation RO= runoff ET= evapotranspiration S= storage

20. Processes in the Hydrologic Cycle precipitation (P)- liquid or solid state evapotranspiration (ET)- evaporation- conversion of solid or liquid water to gaseous water; can take place from open water, soil, or vegetative surfaces transpiration- water taken up by plants is released in the gaseous phase

21. runoff (RO)-that part of precipitation that flows out of a watershed. –1. overland flow- flow occurs on impermeable surfaces or when the infiltration capacity of the soil is exceeded. –2. subsurface flow- lateral movement of water through the soil –3. groundwater flow- slow discharge of water from an aquifer into a stream –4. stream flow storage (S)

28. Geomorphology

29. Lake Formation graben- downfaulted trough; e.g. Lake Tahoe caldera- subsidence of magma chamber; e.g. Crater Lake, OR Landslides glacial activity- e.g. scour, morain dams, & ice melt solution- CaCO 3 (limestone) Oxbow wind- playa lakes humans & beaver

30. Oxbow Lake

32. Drainage Basin

33. Stream Type 1. ephemeral- channels not well defined; flow during and shortly after precipitation events 2. intermittent- generally flow only during the wet season 3. perennial- year round

34. spatial scale in lotic ecosystems World Continent Drainage Watershed Stream

37. Sedimentation & Channel Patterns erosion- chemical and mechanical processes by which stream channels are formed

38. Deposition process where particles that have been entrained and transported are deposited.

39. factors effecting deposition 1.stream gradient 2.flow volume 3.particle size 4.impoundments

40. results of deposition delta- results when flowing water meets standing water alluvial fan- sediments are deposited on land after eroding from higher elevation alluvial flood plain-

41. Delta

42. Alluvial Fan

44. Alluvial Floodplain

45. Flood Plain

47. Global Climatic Patterns Global climatic patterns result from differential heating and cooling of the earth’s surface. Winds and ocean currents redistribute energy over the earth.

49. Global Precipitation

50. Global Ocean Currents

51. Topographic Effects & Local Variation riparian zones xeric mesic outcrops endemics

52. Riparian Zone

53. Xeric

54. Mesic

55. Rocky Outcrops

56. Soils Four factors generally determine the characteristics of soils: parent material climate vegetation topography

57. Soil Horizons O(litter) A 1 (humus-partially decomposed organics) A 2 (region of extensive leaching) B(chemically resembles underlying rock) C(slightly altered parent material)

58. Soil Horizons

59. Weathering “the physical and chemical alteration of rock material near the earth’s surface” freezing thawing dissolution oxidation