1. Ecosystems:-How do they work?
BIOSPHERE
Ecosystems:-How do they work?
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2. General Structure of the Earth
The Earth is an integrated system that consists of rock, air, water, and living things that all interact with each other.
Scientists divided this system into four parts:
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere 2

3. The Earth as a system – up close look

4. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Cell Molecule Atom
Parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found
A community of different species
interacting with one another and with their
nonliving environment of matter and energy; ABIOTIC with BIOTIC
Ecosystem
Community
Populations of different species living in a particular place, and potentially interacting with each other
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place; specific geographical area and interbreed.
Organism
An individual living being
Figure 3.3
Some levels of organization of matter in nature. Ecology focuses on the top five of these levels. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW.
Cell
The fundamental structural and functional unit of life
Molecule
Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits its chemical properties
Atom

5. Lithosphere- The Earth’s layers
The lithosphere is the Earth’s crust and upper mantle; contains our nonrenewable fossil fuels and minerals.
Lithosphere- The Earth’s layers
These layers of material get progressively denser as you move toward the center of the Earth.

6. Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the mixture of gases that makes up the air we breathe
Mostly found in the first
30 km above the Earth’s surface. (19 miles) - TROPOSPHERE

7. Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere makes up all of the water on or near the Earth’s surface
Much of this water is in the oceans, which cover nearly ¾ of the globe.
However, water is also found in the atmosphere, on land, and in the soil.

8. Biosphere
The biosphere is the part of the Earth where life exists; a thin layer at the Earth’s surface that extends from about 9 km (5.5 miles) above the Earth’s surface down to the bottom of the ocean.
The biosphere is therefore made up of parts of the lithosphere, the atmosphere, and the hydrosphere.

9. 3 Factors that Sustain Life on Earth
Solar energy –one way flow
Cycling of crucial elements
Gravity.

10. Solar energy flowing through the biosphere warms the atmosphere, evaporates and recycles water, generates winds and supports plant growth. 10

11. Greenhouse effect warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth
occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiated infrared radiation.
Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold for life to exist.

12. The most abundant greenhouse gases are:
The gases in the atmosphere that trap and radiate heat are called greenhouse gases.
The most abundant greenhouse gases are:
water vapor
carbon dioxide
Methane
nitrous oxide
How greenhouse gases lead to global warming: "An Inconvenient Truth", Al Gore

13. BIOMES
Biomes are major areas where interactions between abiotic & biotic factors occur.
They are groups of similar ecosystems characterized by:
precipitation
temperature ranges
soil properties
plant communities
animal communities.

14. Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors
Non-living
Soil
Temperature
Rainfall
Photosynthesis
Net primary productivity
Living
Succession
Biomass
Biodiversity
Trophic levels, food chains, webs
Habitats and niches

15. Biomes Biomes are based on climate
(average precipitation and temperature)

16. The Earth’s Major Biomes

17. Tropical Rainforest Canopy: dense covering of tree tops
Understory: 2nd story of shorter trees and vines under the canopy
Fern Gully/Medicine Man

18. Monsoon Rainforest Deciduous trees: broad leaves that fall
Wet/Dry season
“Jungle Book” forest

19. Tropical Savannah In the tropics Wet/dry season
Less rainfall than trop. Dry forest
Think “Lion King”

20. Desert Around 25-35o Latitude N and S Plants and animal adaptations
Spines, waxy cuticles, scales
Think “The Mummy” and “The Sahara”

21. Temperate Deciduous Forest
Mix of coniferous and deciduous trees
Humus (HUE-Mus) material formed from decaying leaves….very fertile!!!
Forests with leaves that change colors
Think fairy tale forest “Snow White” and “Sleeping Beauty”

22. Tundra
Permafrost: layer of permanently frozen subsoil
“Ice Age”

23. Other interesting ecosystems…
Mountain Ranges
On all continents
Abiotic and biotic factors change with ELAVATION (as u go up)
Therefore plants and animals change VERTICALLY
Grassland at base woodland/pines spruce/conifer forest tundra like open area at summit with wildflowers
Polar Ice Caps
Border the Tundra
Cold year round
Characterized by ice and snow
Plants and algae are few but include Mosses and Lichens
North Pole
Sea ice and ice cap that covers Greenland
Polar bears, seals, insects and mites
South Pole
5 km thick layer of ice
Penguins and marine mammals

24. Aquatic Ecosystems

25. Biome Project: Biome Adventure Travel (EcoLabs & Field Activities)
Groups

26. Energy Flow through the Biophere
Closed systems are systems that cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
Open systems are systems that can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.
Today, the Earth is essentially a CLOSED system with respect to matter, but an OPEN system for energy as energy travels from plant to animal which is eaten by other animals. In the process, some energy is lost as heat to the environment.

27. Energy Flow in Ecosystems- From Producers to Consumers
Some producers get their energy directly from the sun by absorbing it and converting it to a food source.
Consumers get their energy indirectly by eating producers or other consumers.
Organisms break down carbohydrates and other organic compounds in their cells to obtain the energy they need, usually through aerobic respiration.

29. Influence of Light Intensity & Rainfall
On Plant Productivity

30. Organisms can be classified by what they eat.
Types of Consumers:
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposers- consumers that return nutrients from organic wastes back to the environment
ex: bacteria & Fungi
Detritivores-feed on the waste or dead bodies of other organisms
ex: caterpillars/ vultures
Each time an organism eats another organism, an energy transfer occurs.
This transfer of energy can be traced by studying food chains, food webs, and trophic levels.

31. Detritivores and Decomposers on a Log31

32. Food Chain
A food chain is a sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as each organism eats another organism.
A food web shows many feeding relationships that are possible in an ecosystem. 32

33. Trophic levels
Each time energy is transferred, some of the energy is lost as heat.
Therefore, less energy is available to organisms at higher trophic levels.

35. Pyramid of Energy Flow
Fig 3.15 35

36. Trophic Levels/ Biomass
More living organisms at the base of the pyramid = more biomass
Showing energy loss from 1 trophic level to the next- grass stores 1,000 times more energy than the hawk at the top level.

37. Primary Productivity of Ecosystems
Gross primary production (GPP)
Rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass; the rate is crucial

38. Net Primary Production (NPP)
NPP = GPP - respiration [by plants]
Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use some of this energy through respiration (R).
Net primary production takes into account plant cellular respiration.

39. Estimated Annual Average NPP in Major Life Zones and Ecosystems39

40. BIODIVERSITY An important RENEWABLE resource 4 major kinds:
Genetic biodiversity- a variety of genetic material within a species or population
Species Diversity- the variety among the species or distinct types of living organisms found in different habitats of the planet
Ecological Diversity- the variety of different biomes around the world; all biological communities
Functional Diversity- biological and chemical processes or functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities

41. 41

42. SOIL
Soil formation greatly depends on the climate, and soils from different biomes show distinctive characteristics.
Temperature and moisture affect weathering and leaching. Wind moves sand and other particles, especially in arid regions where there is little plant cover. The type and amount of precipitation influence soil formation by affecting the movement of ions and particles through the soil, aiding in the development of different soil profiles.

44. Habitat vs. Niche
Niche - the role a species plays in a community (job)
Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life (address)
Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

45. Ecological Succession
Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time
Physical environment
Natural disturbance
Human disturbance
Pioneer species
Any of the first species to move into a devastated area
Climax community
Fairly stable community that marks the end of succession

46. Primary Succession
Succession on land that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists
Volcanic eruptions
Glaciers melting

47. Secondary Succession
Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil
Natural
hurricane
fires
Human disturbances
Farming
Forest clearing
Pollution (oil spills)

48. Primary Succession Balsam fir, paper birch, and Jack pine,
Figure 5.16
Primary ecological succession. Over almost a thousand years, plant communities developed, starting on bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier on Isle Royal, Michigan (USA) in northern Lake Superior. The details of this process vary from one site to another. Question: What are two ways in which lichens, mosses, and plants might get started growing on bare rock?
Balsam fir,
paper birch, and
white spruce
forest community
Jack pine,
black spruce,
and aspen
Heath mat
Small herbs
and shrubs
Lichens and
mosses
Exposed
rocks
Time
Fig. 5-16, p. 116

49. Secondary Succession Mature oak and hickory forest Young pine forest
Figure 5.17
Natural ecological restoration of disturbed land. Secondary ecological succession of plant communities on an abandoned farm field in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It took 150–200 years after the farmland was abandoned for the area to become covered with a mature oak and hickory forest. A new disturbance, such as deforestation or fire, would create conditions favoring pioneer species such as annual weeds. In the absence of new disturbances, secondary succession would recur over time, but not necessarily in the same sequence shown here. Questions: Do you think the annual weeds (left) would continue to thrive in the mature forest (right)? Why or why not? See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW.
Mature oak and hickory forest
Young pine forest
with developing understory of oak and hickory trees
Shrubs and
small pine
seedlings
Perennial
weeds and
grasses
Annual
weeds
Time
Fig. 5-17, p. 117

51. Nutrient Cycles
Water
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

52. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Natural renewal of water quality: 3 major processes
Evaporation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Alteration of the hydrologic cycle by humans
Withdrawal of large amounts of freshwater at rates faster than nature can replace it
Clearing vegetation leads to increased runoff
Increased flooding when wetlands are drained 52

53. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Global warming Condensation Ice and snow Condensation
Evaporation
from land
Evaporation
from ocean
Precipitation
to land
Transpiration
from plants
Surface runoff
Increased
flooding
from wetland
destruction
Precipitation
to ocean
Runoff
Lakes and
reservoirs
Reduced recharge of
aquifers and flooding
from covering land with
crops and buildings
Point
source
pollution
Infiltration
and percolation
into aquifer
Surface
runoff
Groundwater
movement (slow)
Ocean
Aquifer
depletion from
overpumping
Figure 3.17
Natural capital: simplified model of the hydrologic cycle with major harmful impacts of human activities shown in red. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: What are three ways in which your lifestyle directly or indirectly affects the hydrologic cycle?
Processes
Processes affected by humans
Reservoir
Pathway affected by humans
Natural pathway
Fig. 3-17, p. 66

54. Carbon Cycle Depends on Photosynthesis and Respiration
Link between photosynthesis in producers and respiration in producers, consumers, and decomposers
Alteration of the carbon cycle by humans Additional CO2 added to the atmosphere
Tree clearing
Burning of fossil fuels- energy and transportation 54

55. CARBON CYCLE Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Respiration Photosynthesis
Burning
fossil fuels
Forest fires
Diffusion
Animals
(consumers)
Deforestation
Plants
(producers)
Carbon
in plants
(producers)
Transportation
Respiration
Carbon
in animals
(consumers)
Carbon dioxide
dissolved in ocean
Decomposition
Carbon
in fossil fuels
Marine food webs
Producers, consumers,
decomposers
Figure 3.18
Natural capital: simplified model of the global carbon cycle, with major harmful impacts of human activities shown by red arrows. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: What are three ways in which you directly or indirectly affect the carbon cycle?
Carbon
in limestone or
dolomite sediments
Compaction
Processes
Reservoir
Pathway affected by humans
CARBON CYCLE
Natural pathway
Fig. 3-18, p. 68

56. Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria in action
Alteration of the nitrogen cycle by humans Additional NO and N2O
Burning fuels
Destruction of forest, grasslands, and wetlands
Add excess nitrates to bodies of water
Remove nitrogen from topsoil 56

57. The Nitrogen Cycle

58. Annual Increase in Atmospheric N2 Due to Human Activities58

59. NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrogen in atmosphere Denitrification by bacteria
Electrical
storms
Nitrogen oxides
from burning fuel
and using inorganic
fertilizers
Nitrogen
in animals
(consumers)
Volcanic
activity
Nitrification
by bacteria
Nitrogen
in plants
(producers)
Nitrates
from fertilizer
runoff and
decomposition
Decomposition
Uptake by plants
Figure 3.19
Natural capital: simplified model of the nitrogen cycle with major harmful human impacts shown by red arrows. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: What are three ways in which you directly or indirectly affect the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrate
in soil
Nitrogen
loss to deep
ocean sediments
Nitrogen
in ocean
sediments
Bacteria
Ammonia
in soil
NITROGEN CYCLE
Fig. 3-19, p. 69

60. Phosphorus Cycle
Cycles through water, the earth’s crust, and living organisms
May be limiting factor for plant growth
Alteration of the phosphorous cycle by humans
Clearing forests
Mining and human wastes
Removing large amounts of phosphate from the earth to make fertilizers 60

61. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans
Natural pathway
Phosphates
in sewage
Phosphates
in fertilizer
Plate
tectonics
Phosphates
in mining waste
Runoff
Runoff
Sea
birds
Runoff
Phosphate
in rock
(fossil bones,
guano)
Erosion
Ocean
food webs
Animals
(consumers)
Phosphate
dissolved in
water
Phosphate
in shallow
ocean sediments
Phosphate
in deep ocean
sediments
Figure 3.21
Natural capital: simplified model of the phosphorus cycle, with major harmful human impacts shown by red arrows. Question: What are three ways in which you directly or indirectly affect the phosphorus cycle?
Plants
(producers)
Bacteria
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Fig. 3-21, p. 71

62. Sulfur Cycle
Sulfur found in organisms, ocean sediments, soil, rocks, and fossil fuels
SO2 in the atmosphere
DMS (Dimethyl Sulfide)- produced by marine algae
Sulfuric acid = acid rain; H2SO4 and SO4-
Alteration of the sulfur cycle by humans
Burn sulfur-containing coal and oil
Refine sulfur-containing petroleum
Convert sulfur-containing metallic mineral ores 62

63. Sulfur Cycle Sulfur dioxide in atmosphere Sulfuric acid and Sulfate
deposited as
acid rain
Smelting
Burning
coal
Refining
fossil fuels
Sulfur
in animals
(consumers)
Dimethyl
sulfide
a bacteria
byproduct
Sulfur
in plants
(producers)
Mining and
extraction
Uptake
by plants
Decay
Sulfur
in ocean
sediments
Figure 3.22
Natural capital: simplified model of the sulfur cycle, with major harmful impacts of human activities shown by red arrows. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: What are three ways in which your lifestyle directly or indirectly affects the sulfur cycle?
Decay
Processes
Sulfur
in soil, rock
and fossil fuels
Reservoir
Sulfur Cycle
Pathway affected by humans
Natural pathway
Fig. 3-22, p. 72

64. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
A GIS organizes, stores, and analyzes complex data collected over broad geographic areas.
Allows the simultaneous overlay of many layers of data.