1. Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization
Lesson 1: Egypt

2. The Nile River and geography
What do we know about the Nile River?
Runs for 4,000 miles
Flows from south to north
Empties into the Mediterranean Sea
Branches off to create the Nile Delta
Yearly flooding creates nutrient rich soil like the Fertile Crescent
What barriers protect the land of Egypt?
North: Mediterranean Sea
South: Rapids of the Nile River
East: Red Sea and Desert
West: Sahara Desert

3. How are Egypt and Mesopotamia Similar?
Presence of Polytheism
Multiple gods
Nutrient rich soil
Like Fertile Crescent
Allows for large amount of crops
Different
Barriers
Egypt protected well and kept things unchanged
Openness of Mesopotamia allowed for many conquests over the centuries
Gods
Mesopotamia had many gods in one category
Egypt had 2 categories of gods
Land gods and Sun gods

4. The kingdoms of Egypt The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BC) Divine Rule
Rule of the pharaohs
Extension of the gods
Following rule was maintaining stability
What government standard did they set up still in use?
Bureaucracy
Organization
Helped assist in running government
Gave advice to ruler on certain manners
Can be compared to the Cabinet in US

5. Creations of the Old kingdom
Mummification
Process of wrapping and preserving a body.
Organs are removed
Placed in jars in the tomb
Body covered in salt to remove water
Wrapped in spices and covered
Great Pyramids (2540 BC)
At Giza
Uses?
Tombs of Pharaohs
Great Sphinx
Purpose is unknown

6. The kingdoms of Egypt The Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BC)
Adventures of the Middle Kingdom
Conquered the land of Nubia
Trading journeys with Crete, Kush, Syria, and Mesopotamia
Change in the role of pharaoh
No longer divine rule
Acts more as a leader instead of a messenger of the gods
Responsible for improvements for the people
Public works

7. Early life in Egypt Social Structure Hierarchy based on wealth/power
1 Pharaoh
2. Nobles
3. Merchants/artisans
4. Peasants/workers
Marriage
Arranged by the families
Uniqueness
Women keep property when married
Can operate businesses
Children
Male children wanted
Allows for the family name to be carried on

8. Homework
Pg. 26 #1-6
Due Tuesday

9. Chapter 2: Spread of civilization
Eastern Mediterranean

10. The Phoenicians Major City: Carthage Lived on the coast
Used water for travel
Major developments
Glass
Lumber
Purple Dye
22 letter alphabet (transformed into alphabet for Greeks and Romans)
Trade routes (pg. 28)
Throughout Mediterranean Sea
Travelled to Atlantic Ocean up to Great Britain

11. The Israelites Old Testament acts as a written history of Israelites
King David ( BC)began the line
Followed by Solomon
Expanded the army and trade routes
Established Jerusalem as the center of religion
Assyrians eventually conquered Israelites
Tribes of Israel became scattered in the process

12. Judeans Conquered by the Chaldeans (Map of Chaldean Empire)
Sent to Babylon in a period known as the Exile
Judaism
Monotheism
Belief in one God
1st religion where there is a personal relationship with God
3 aspects to Judaism
1. Covenant with God (God with Moses)
2. Law (10 Commandments)
3. Prophets (Religious teachers)
Unwillingness to accept polytheism led to persecution

13. Minoans BC
Established on the island of Crete (Map of where Crete is)
Named after King Minos of Crete
Sea trading empire
What did they create?
Pottery
Gold and Silver Jewelry
What happened to the Minoans?
1. Tidal Wave caused by volcano
2. Mycenaeans from Greece came and conquered

14. Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization
Indus Valley

15. Geography What is a subcontinent? Barriers
Large self-contained landmass
A subdivision of a continent
Barriers
North: Himalaya Mountains (Largest in the world)
South: Arabian Sea
West: Arid Plateau (Now part of Pakistan)
The Ganges River supplies Indus Valley with fertile agriculture
Monsoons in the summer months cause heavy rainfall leading to flooding and heavy wind storms
Farmers depend on the monsoon season for survival

16. Civilization 3000-1500 BC Spread out over hundreds of miles
Major Cities: Harappa (35K) and Mohenjo Daro (35-40K)
Planned Communities
Major streets all ran north/south
Minor streets ran east/west
Public wells for drinking water
Bathrooms with a drainage system. Sewage Pits laid beyond city limits
Trash system with chutes directing waste to specific disposals
Well-organized government
Based on agriculture

17. Migration: The Aryans Tribal group that moved south into Indus Valley
Nomadic groups that began to settle down with agriculture
Introduction of iron allowed for better agriculture in places that couldn’t be settled before
Grew
Barley, Wheat, and Millet in North
Cotton, Spices, and Vegetables in South
Writing
Sanskrit: Indo-European language established around 1000 BC
Showed us that India was carved up into small kingdoms run by rajas(princes)
Family structure
3 generations of family live in one house. Oldest male ruled the house
Marriage and Death
Marriages were arranged and required dowries
Suttee: The dead were cremated on top of pillars. Women expect to join men by jumping on top of their bodies and burning with them

18. Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization
China

19. Role of geography Yellow River (Huang He River)
Runs 2,900 miles from Mongolia to Pacific Ocean
Carries yellow silt full of nutrients
Yangtze River (Chang Jiang River)
Runs 3,400 miles across central China into the Yellow Sea
Only 10% of land in China could sustain farming
Deserts and Mountains acted as protection for China
However when there was meetings between people, it led to conflicts
Climate: Similar to Indus Valley with monsoon seasons

20. Shang Dynasty BC
Ruled by an aristocracy. Upper-class based on land wealth
A farming society
One capital located in Anyang
King rules from capital and breaks up territory into 5 regions
Military leaders (warlords) rule each territory
Death of king
Buried in a royal tomb and joined by his loyal servants in death
Social Structure
1. King
2. Aristocracy
3. Merchants
4. Peasants
5. Slaves

21. Shang Dynasty Religion Belief in supernatural forces
Communication with supernatural through the use of oracle bones
Oracle Bones
Used by priests
Had questions written on them
Held the answers to all of the king’s questions
Heated rods would crack the bones
Cracks would give the answer
Death
Life after death
Need for spirits to have spread good fortune on living family members

22. Zhou Dynasty 1045-256 BC Continued practices of the Shang Dynasty
Mandate of Heaven
Heaven kept order in the universe through the king
King responsible for ruling people with goodness and efficiency
Dao: The proper Way of ruling
Must please the gods and protect the people or be replaced
Set forth the right to a revolution to the people
Family
Filial Piety: Duty of the children to be subordinate to the head male
Every family member has a role. Head male’s desires come first
Written language
Pictographs and ideographs represent words in language

23. Chapter 2: Spread of civilization
The Americas

24. The Olmec and Zapotec The Olmec The Zapotec
Found in Mexico and Central America in BC
Early trade involved jade and obsidian
Created large cities centered around religious temples
Monuments to the gods and rulers
Culture eventually disappeared
Left behind a calendar and number system.
Rituals used found in later cultures like the Mayans
The Zapotec
Found in Central Mexico in 500 BC-800 AD
Population of 20,000
Ruled by the nobles and priests
Written language that is still not understood

25. Teotihuacan Largest City in Mesoamerica
Also known as the Place of the Gods
Population of 200,000
Religion found itself all over the land in the form of monuments and temples
Ex: Pyramid of the Sun (4 tiers high) standing over 200 feet
Mainly a farming city
Merchants were well known for obsidian tools which were used in every facet of daily life

26. Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization
Quiz

27. 3-5 Sentences per question
1. What achievements were made by the Egyptians in the Old Kingdom?
2. How did the geography of the Indus Valley help the civilization survive?
3. Explain the Mandate of Heaven.
4. Explain how Judaism is unique compared to all other religions of the time.