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Published byBertram Holland Modified over 9 years ago
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A process of discovery; a way of knowing. It is also a body of knowledge. It is a collection of unified insights about nature supported by facts. (Theory) continuing effort to discover and increase human knowledge and understanding through disciplined research
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THE WHOLE PROCESS There are different terms used to describe scientific ideas based on the amount of confirmed experimental evidence. Hypothesis - a statement that uses a few observations - an idea based on observations without experimental evidence Theory - uses many observations and has loads of experimental evidence - can be applied to unrelated facts and new relationships - flexible enough to be modified if new data/evidence introduced Law - stands the test of time, often without change - experimentally confirmed over and over - can create true predictions for different situations - has uniformity and is universal
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Biology is the study of living things Living things are diverse There are enough similarities among some living things that they can be grouped into the same kingdom Members of different kingdoms are usually very different from each other
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Archaebacteria: Methanogenic bacterium. Eubacteria: Soil bacteria. Protista: Unicellular eukaryotes(cells with a nucleus) and algae. Fungi: Nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food externally. Plantae: Photosynthetic multicellular terrestrial organisms. Animalia: Nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest internally.
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The Six Kingdoms of Life Figure 1.1
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What qualifies something as “living” versus “non-living?” Consider these points ◦ complexity ◦ movement ◦ response to stimulation A life-defining property must be exclusive to living things
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1. Cellular organization ◦ all living things are comprised of at least one cell 2. Metabolism ◦ all living things process energy which is used to power other processes 3. Homeostasis ◦ all living things maintain stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes
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4. Growth and reproduction ◦ all organisms have the capacity for growth and reproduction 5. Heredity ◦ all organisms pass genetic information across generations from parents to offspring
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Living things function and interact with each other on many levels The organization of life is a hierarchy of levels of increasing complexity ◦ cellular ◦ organismal ◦ populational
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Acceptance: Belief in something; taking something to be true based on someone else’s authority; second-hand information. Analysis: Breaking down a concept into component parts to study it; first-hand knowledge.
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Subjective: Existing only within the experiencer’s mind; unable to be checked by an outside observer; feeling or an opinion. Objective: Able to be observed, measured, or checked by an outside observer.
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X: There is a surfing competition in Virginia Beach each summer. Y: Blue whales can reach 300 feet in length. Z: Carlos Santana is one of the world’s finest guitar players.
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Where on the graph is the realm of ideas that science can work with? Why?
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The major points about scientific knowledge are: Tentative: Scientific knowledge is never absolutely certain; New data may cause a change. Objective: Science seeks to explain the physical universe. Objectivity is never complete because the research is done by humans. Testable: Hypotheses suggest predictions that can be tested.
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Deductive reasoning utilizes logic rather than observations. Goes from a general statement to specific statements. Inductive reasoning utilizes the discovery of general principles by observing or examining specific cases or examples.
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The scientific process has six stages 1. Observation science begins with careful observation of natural phenomena 2. Hypothesis scientists make an educated guess that might be true often scientists formulate multiple ideas about a phenomenon; these are called alternative hypotheses
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3. Predictions ◦ if a hypothesis is correct, then specific consequences can be expected 4. Testing ◦ scientists conduct experiments to attempt to verify predictions made by hypotheses
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5. Controls ◦ experiments usually employ a parallel design scientists use a control to assess the influence of potential factors, called variables conditions stay the same in the control in comparison to the variable condition 6. Conclusion ◦ a hypothesis that has been tested and not rejected is tentatively accepted
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When does a hypothesis become theory? Is there a Scientific Supreme Court to rule? Results of an experiment must be reproducible Any hypothesis must be falsifiable Every assertion regarding the natural world is subject to challenge and revision
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“ A scientist does not follow a fixed method to form hypotheses, but also relies on judgment and intuition.”
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A scientific theory is one that has withstood repeated observation and experimentation and hold true. People use the term theory differently in common speech: Scientist: Has certainty Public: Lack of knowledge..”it’s only a theory”
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The scientific method is not always employed to reach a great discovery…some discoveries are accidental or based on intuition. Science cannot explain every facet of life nor can it solve all problems.
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Cellular organization: one or more cells Metabolism: utilizes energy Homeostasis: maintains stable internal conditions Reproduction Heredity: DNA transfer of traits
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Living organisms function and interact with each other a many levels. A key factor in organizing these interactions is the degree of complexity. Examine Fig.1.5, p.6-7.
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There are five general themes that unify and explain biology: Evolution: Change in species over time. Darwin: Natural selection Artificial selection The biodiversity seen today is the result of a long history of natural selection. Flow of energy through the food chain is key in shaping ecosystems(How many/what kind of organisms in an ecosystem)
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There are five general themes that unify and explain biology: Cooperation between different organisms has led to co-evolution and is responsible for the biodiversity we see today. Biological structures are closely related to their functions. Maintaining homeostasis has contributed to the specialization of complex organisms.
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1. The Cell Theory 2. The Gene Theory 3. The Theory of Heredity 4. The Theory of Evolution
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all organisms are composed of at least one cell the cell is the most basic unit of life all cells come from pre-existing cells
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genetic information is encoded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) genes can encode specific proteins or RNA, or they can act to regulate other genes the proteins and RNA encoded by an organism’s genes determine what it will be like in terms of form and function
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genes are passed down in generations as discrete units ◦ Mendel’s theory of heredity gave rise to the field of genetics ◦ the chromosomal theory of inheritance located Mendelian genes on chromosomes
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Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of life as “descent with modification” Advances in genetics have helped scientists understand precisely how changes in genes can result in adaptation and evolution.
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Scientists group organisms, based on similarities, into six kingdoms Each of the six kingdoms can be assigned, on the basis of cell structure, into one of three larger groups called domains
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Do boys and girls have different pulse rates?
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