1. BB, Bb bb

2. 1) What are the Phenotype Frequencies?

3. Bb bb BB bb Bb 2) What are the Genotype Frequencies?

4. Bb bb BB bb Bb 3) What are the Allele Frequencies?

5. 4) Suppose that the frequency of the b allele in the population is.3. What is the frequency of the B allele in the population? What is the frequency of cats with genotype bb?

6. What is the frequency of cats with genotype BB? What is the frequency of cats with genotype bB? What is the frequency of cats with genotype Bb?

7. If p = frequency of first allele, and q = frequency of second allele p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 (Hardy-Weinberg Equation) Frequency of BB Frequency of Heterozygotes (Bb or bB) Frequency of bb

8. 4) Suppose the frequency of B =.2. What are frequencies of the three possible genotypes? frequency (BB) = frequency (bb) = frequency (Bb/bB) =

9. Do Allele Frequencies Change Over Time? p =.2 q =.8

10. Hardy-Weinberg Principle: In a population, allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of evolutionary forces Bb bb BB bb Bb

11. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Bb bb BB bb Bb 1) Random Mating

12. Bb bb BB bb Bb 2) No Mutations Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: bb

13. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Bb bb BB bb Bb 3) Large Population Size

14. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Bb bb BB bb Bb 4) No Immigration BB

15. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Bb bb BB bb Bb 5) Genotypes have Equal Fitness ( 2 offspring) (10 offspring) BB (6 offspring)

16. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: 1)Random Mating 2)No Mutations 3)Large Population Size 4)No Immigration 5)All Genotypes have Equal Fitness ? How likely is it that a population meets ALL ASSUMPTIONS?

17. Case Study: Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) Biston betularia var. typicaBiston betularia var. carbonaria DD, Dddd

18. 1800 1900 England: Industrial Revolution

19. 3 4 Explanation?

20. 10 5 6 7 9 8 Anoles (Anolis): 150 species in the Caribbean Islands Demonstrating the PROCESS of Adaptive Change

21. Observed Relationship of Hind Limb Length to Vegetation in Brown Anoles (Anolis sagrei) 11 Hind Limb Length 12 13 14

22. 15 Brown Anole (Anolis sangrei) Introduction of Brown Anole Populations from Staniel Cay Island to 14 Caribbean Islands (with no preexisting Anole Populations) An Experiment to Test for Adaptive Change

23. Fig. 4.12 in Molles 2008 Relationship between.. 1)Vegetation Height Difference between Staniel Cay Island and Other Islands 2)Change in Lizard Morphology

24. Relationship between Perch Diameter and Lizard Hind Limb Length Fig. 4.13 in Molles 2008

25. Question: Phenotypic Plasticity (= Developmental)? Heritable Trait (with Genetic Basis)?

26. Possible Experiment to Test for Phenotypic Plasticity versus Heritability of Leg Length

27. 17 Soapberry Bug 18 Species Native to U.S. (3) Species Introduced to U.S. (3) 19 Soapberry Bugs and Plants in Soapberry Family (Sapindaceae) Demonstrating HERITABILITY in Natural Selection

28. Hypothesis: Beak Length Selected to match Distance to Seed in Fruit 16

29. Fig. 4.15 in Molles 2008 Size of Fruit in Native and Introduced Soapberries Florida South Central U.S.

30. Fig. 4.16 in Molles 2008 Relationship between Beak Length of Soapberry Bugs and Fruit Size in Native and Introduced Soapberry Species

31. Question: Phenotypic Plasticity (= Developmental)? Heritable Trait (with Genetic Basis)?

32. Experiment to Test for Adaptive Change

33. Experiment to Test for Adaptive Change: Results

34. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: DIRECTIONAL SELECTION 20 21 22 Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb 24

35. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: DIRECTIONAL SELECTION Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006

36. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: DISRUPTIVE SELECTION 20 21 22 Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb 23 24

37. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: DISRUPTIVE SELECTION Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006

38. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: STABILIZING SELECTION Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006 20 21 22 Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb

39. Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006 Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: STABILIZING SELECTION

40. Are All Population Changes due to Natural Selection? 26 Chihuahua Spruce

41. 1 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/12/59012-004-3F583FEF.jpg 2 http://www.suffolkmothgroup.org.uk/newsletters/40/PB_PepperedMoth.jpg 3 http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/59011-004-F2BFB969.jpg 4 http://www.mlahanas.de/Cyprus/Fauna/image/EuropeanRobin2.jpg 5 http://images.google.com/images?sourceid=navclient&rlz=1T4GGLR_enUS307 US307&q=anolis&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi 6 http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/pic/sevcik/anolis-baracoae--anolis-baracoae.jpg 7 http://www.hlasek.com/foto/anolis_allisoni_4174.jpg 9 http://www.agamen.de/reptilien/leguane/fotos/Anolis5.jpg 10 http://www.thecaribbeanamphibian.com/images/caribbean-islands-map.jpg 11 http://www.cryptomundo.com/wp-content/uploads/0114anolis_datzorum.jpg

42. 12 http://www.ahailey.f9.co.uk/pics5/chrysolepis.jpg 13 http://www.mascotissimo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/anoli_verde_ anolis_carolinensis.jpg 14 http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/shrubs/alnrug_xsec01.jpg 15 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Anolis_sagrei.jpg /250px-Anolis_sagrei.jpg 16 http://www.biology.duke.edu/rausher/soapber1.JPG 17 http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2226/2523728904_258352f8cd.jpg?v=0 18 http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/sasad.jpg 19 http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/cardiospermum_halicacabum2.jpg 20 http://www.bluecross.org.uk/web/MultimediaFiles/BLACKRAB5.JPG 21 http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/PDS/PDS711/white-rabbit-black_~AA028208.jpg

43. 22 http://www.british-giantrabbits.co.uk/images/P7180020.jpg 23 http://i166.photobucket.com/albums/u109/jammyn/070930_Mex9/Mexico380.jpg 24 http://www.natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic8/Images/IC8_page10.gif 25 http://pro.corbis.com/images/IH075114.jpg?size=67&uid=%7BB751DF66-D85E- 4E3D-A78C-DC9C3B068766%7D 26 http://www.conifers.org/pi/pic/chihuahuana2.jpg