1. ISSUES IN BIOLOGY & THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Packet #1 Chapter #1 AP Biology

2. BIOTERRORISM

3. Bioterrorism The use of biochemical agents for terrorist purposes. Biowarfare Use of disease-producing microorganisms or biocides to cause death or injury to humans, animals and/or plants Biochemical Agents Pathogens Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Smallpox Variola major Agriculture pesticides

4. AVIAN FLU PANDEMIC

5. Refers to influenza A viruses found chiefly in birds Some infections, caused by the virus, can be carried over to the human population Hong Kong 1997 Virginia 2002 New York 2003 Vietnam 2005 Iraq 2006 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/avian-flu-humans.htm

6. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Ability to develop in different cell types Treat diseases, conditions and disabilities http://stemcells.nih.go v/index.asp

7. OVER POPULATION Condition of any organism’s numbers exceeding the carrying capacity of its ecological niche. How does this relate to humans? http://www.answers.co m/over%20population

8. EMERGENT DISEASES http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/id_links.htm

9. GLOBAL WARMING Increase in earth’s average temperature and the climatic impacts that it may have.

10. BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity – The variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems. A goal of scientists is to discover the effects of the previously mentioned not only on humans, but the estimated 7 – 20 million species on earth. How do we do that?

11. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Manner for investigating nature Scientists attempt to construct an accurate, reliable, consistent and non-biased representation of the natural world Few scientists adhere to the “strict procedures” Creativity, individuality, distinct

12. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific Theories 2 components Describes the patterns seen in the natural world Identifies a process or mechanism responsible for a pattern Biology A study of patterns of living things and their processes

13. SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMMON STEPS Observation An observation is made regarding some event or characteristic of the world A problem is developed An open-ended question that cannot be answered by a yes or no answer

14. SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMMON STEPS Forming a Hypothesis Postulating a premise An explanation of the phenomena observed Predict the existence of other phenomena or predict quantitatively the results of new observations States results that may be expected from observations and/or from experimental tests Can be based on one’s experience creativity or a sense of what is practical Involves critical thinking and critical analysis Deductive reasoning Reasoning from a general observation to a specific conclusion Inductive reasoning Reasoning from a specific case to the general Hypothetico Reasoning Hypothesis developed  Prediction deduced  Tested against empirically derived data

15. SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMMON STEPS Experiment & Experimental Design Unbiased Disprove a hypothesis Evaluate an alternate hypothesis Null hypothesis College/University Testing the hypothesis Determining whether prediction is correct

16. SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMMON STEPS Experiment & Experimental Design Methods and Procedures Adaptable Able to reexamine as new information is collected Suppose to test a premise Best when designed to “disprove” a hypothesis Often said in science that theories can never be proved but only disproved A hypothesis can never be proven but evidence, collected during experimentation, can be used to support

17. EXPERIMENT III Experiment & Experimental Design Variables must be defined Dependent Variables Measureable and observable things Independent variable Should be only one during an experiment Can be manipulated and changed Controlled variables Kept constant and not allowed to change *Control All experiments should have one Used as standard f comparison

18. SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMMON STEPS Collection of Results & Interpretation of Data Must use same criteria (technique) for collecting all data Representation of Data Tables Graphs Interpretation of Data/Statistical Analysis T-test Compares the means of two groups ANOVA Compares the means of three or more groups Chi Square Compares how closely the observed data is to the expected results *Experimenters should also look at the variance

19. ANOVA

20. SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMMON STEPS Conclusion Does the experiment match your predictions? Is your hypothesis supported Does your results agree with other findings? Replicate the experiment

21. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

22. Scientific Law Hypothesis whose predictions have stood up to thorough and rigorous testing with experiments and observations.

23. LIMITATIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Some hypotheses are not experimental Intelligent beings in the universe Global warming *Theory of evolution