1. Using a Global Flux Network—FLUXNET— to Study the Breathing of the Terrestrial Biosphere Dennis Baldocchi ESPM/Ecosystem Science Div. University of California, Berkeley AsiaFlux, Seoul, Korea Nov. 17, 2008

2. Contemporary CO 2 Record

3. Methods To Assess Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes at Landscape to Continental Scales, and Across Multiple Time Scales GCM Inversion Modeling Remote Sensing/ MODIS Eddy Flux Measurements/ FLUXNET Forest/Biomass Inventories Biogeochemical/ Ecosystem Dynamics Modeling Physiological Measurements/ Manipulation Expts.

4. Objectives Time –Annual Integration –Seasonal Dynamics –Inter-Annual Variability –Disturbance/Chronosequence Processes –Photosynthesis = f(Q,T,functional type) –Respiration = f(T, growth, ppt,  Space Other Uses and Application –Ecosystem Modeling

5. Temporal Dynamics of C Fluxes Hour Day Month Season Year Multiple Years Pulses Lags Switches

6. Baldocchi, Austral J Botany, 2008 Probability Distribution of Published NEE Measurements, Integrated Annually

7. Baldocchi, Austral J Botany, 2008 Does Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Scale with Photosynthesis? Ecosystems with greatest GPP don’t necessarily experience greatest NEE

8. Baldocchi, Austral J Botany, 2008 Ecosystem Respiration Scales Tightly with Ecosystem Photosynthesis, But Is with Offset by Disturbance

9. Baldocchi, Austral J Botany, 2008 Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Scales with Length of Growing Season

10. Data of Wofsy, Munger, Goulden, et al. Decadal Plus Time Series of NEE: Flux version of the Keeling’s Mauna Loa Graph

11. Interannual Variation and Long Term Trends in Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange (F N ), Photosynthesis (F A ) and Respiration (F R ) Urbanski et al 2007 JGR

12. Knohl et al Max Planck, Jena Lag Effects Due to 2003 European Drought/Heat Stress

13. Baldocchi, Austral J Botany, 2008 Interannual Variations in Photosynthesis and Respiration are Coupled

14. Interannual Variability in NEE is tiny across the Global Network

15. Interannual Variability in GPP is tiny across the Global Network, too

16. Little Change in Abiotic Drivers--annual Rg, ppt --across Network

17. Complicating Dynamical Factors Switches –Phenology –Drought –Frost/Freeze Pulses –Rain –Litterfall Emergent Processes –Diffuse Light/LUE Acclimation Lags Stand Age/Disturbance

18. Soil Respiration Lags Photosynthesis on Hourly Scale Tang et al. 2006, GCB

19. Emergent Scale Process: CO 2 Flux and Diffuse Radiation Niyogi et al., GRL 2004 We are poised to see effects of Cleaner/Dirtier Skies and Next Volcano

20. FLUXNET 2007 Database GPP at 2% efficiency and 365 day Growing Season Potential and Real Rates of Gross Carbon Uptake by Vegetation: Most Locations Never Reach Upper Potential tropics GPP at 2% efficiency and 182.5 day Growing Season

21. E. Falge et al 2002 AgForMet; Baldocchi et al 2001 BAMS Optimal NEE: Acclimation with Temperature

22. Data of Pilegaard et al. Soil Temperature: An Objective Indicator of Phenology??

23. Baldocchi et al. Int J. Biomet, 2005 Soil Temperature: An Objective Measure of Phenology, part 2

24. Sims et al 2005 AgForMet Do Snap-Shot C Fluxes, inferred from Remote Sensing, Relate to Daily C Flux Integrals?

25. Spatial Variations in C Fluxes Xiao et al. 2008, AgForMet

26. Xiao and Baldocchi, unpublished Upscaling Flux Data with Remote Sensing Data Published, Global: -182 gC m -2 y -1 Map, US: -189 gC m-2 y-1

27. Baldocchi, White, Schwartz, unpublished Spatialize Phenology with Transformation Using Climate Map

28. White, Baldocchi and Schwartz, unpublished Flux Based Phenology Patterns with Match well with data from Phenology Network

29. Limits to Landscape Classification by Functional Type Stand Age/Disturbance Biodiversity Fire Logging Insects/Pathogens Management/Plantations Kyoto Forests

30. Time Since Disturbance Affects Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Baldocchi, Austral J Botany, 2008 Data of teams lead by Amiro, Dunn, Paw U, Goulden

31. Other Activities and Uses of Fluxnet Data Landuse Ecosystem Modeling EcoHydrology Biodiversity Climate

32. Biodiversity and Evaporation Baldocchi, 2004: Data from Black, Schmid, Wofsy, Baldocchi, Fuentes

33. Kucharik et al., 2006 Ecol Modeling Ecosystem Model Testing and Development

34. Seasonality of Photosynthetic Capacity Wang et al, 2007 GCB

35. Optimizing Seasonality of Vcmax improves Prediction of Fluxes Wang et al, 2007 GCB

36. ‘A continuing challenge to long-term Earth observations is the prejudice against science that is not directly aimed at hypothesis testing. At a time when the planet is being propelled by human action into another climate regime with incalculable social and environmental costs, we cannot afford such a rigid view of the scientific enterprise. The only way to figure out what is happening to our planet is to measure it, and this means tracking changes decade after decade and poring over the records. A point of diminishing scientific returns has never been realized in what is now known as the "Keeling Curve," the Mauna Loa CO 2 record’. Ralph Keeling, Science March 28, 2008 A Continuing Challenge and Task: Measure Ecosystem Processes on Ecosystem Timescales

37. Acknowledgements Leadership –Riccardo Valentini, Steve Running, Bev Law Data Preparation: FLUXNET-2007 –Dario Papale, Markus Reichstein, Catharine Van Ingen, Deb Agarwal, Tom Boden, Bob Cook, Susan Holliday, Bruce Wilson, +++ FLUXNET Office @ Berkeley –Eva Falge, Lianhong Gu, Matthias Falk, Rodrigo Vargas, Youngryel Ryu Networks –AmeriFlux, CarboEurope, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet Canada, OzFlux, +++ Agencies –NSF/RCN, ILEAPS, DOE/TCP, NASA, Microsoft, ++++