1. Methods in Evolutionary Ecology From Observation to Experimental Design From Question to Hypothesis From Evidence to Argument From Hypothesis to Theory By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

2. What is Evolution What is Evolutionary Ecology What are the methods in evolutionary ecology By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

3. (c) 2001 by W.H. Freeman and Company Charle Robert Darwin,1809-1882 1831-1836 on HMS Beagle 1 On the origin of species, 1859 2 Darwin, Charles; Wallace, Alfred Russel (1858), "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3: 46– 50, doi:10.1111/j.1096- 3642.1858.tb02500.x, retrieved 14 January 2007 Darwin, CharlesWallace, Alfred Russel"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"doi10.1111/j.1096- 3642.1858.tb02500.x

4. Main Concepts of Evolution Change in genetic makeup of a population There is standing genetic variation The genetic variation is inheritable The inheritable variation are related to organism’s fitness Thus the variation could be adaptive shaped by natural selection By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

5. Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary ecology lies at the intersection of ecology and evolutionary biology. It approaches the study of ecology in a way that explicitly considers the evolutionary histories of species and the interactions between them. The main subfields of evolutionary ecology are life history evolution, sociobiology (the evolution of social behavior), the evolution of interspecific and the evolution of biodiversity and of communities. By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

6. Where we can observe genetic variation? From phenotypic variation From karyotype ( 核型） From allozyme markers From molecular markers From genome (NGS) By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

7. Track the progress in evolutionary ecology research by following good journals Evolutionary Ecology Research - a journal in the field. Methods in Ecology and Evolution - a journal in the field. Ecology and Evolution - Wiley Evolutionary Ecology – Springer Ecology Letters Trends in Ecology and Evolution Journal of Ecology/Journal of Molecular Ecology Ecology Oikos Science/Nature By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

8. The most important things matter evolutionary ecology of a species Sexual or A sexual? Ploidy? Sex system? Mating System? By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

9. A evolutionary paradox of a beautiful shrub species, Rosa rugosa Background Questions Methods Results Discussion and conclusions By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

11. Background  The species, Rosa rugosa (Rosaceae)  Natural distribute in East Asia and its invasion in Europe  Declining in China  Invasion in NW Europe  Sexual and asexual reproduction, self-incompatible, diploid

13. Background  The species, Rosa rugosa (Rosaceae)  Natural distribution in East Asia and its invasion in Europe  Declining in China  Invasion in NW Europe

15. Background  The species, Rosa rugosa (Rosaceae)  Natural distribution in East Asia and its invasion in Europe  Declining in China  Invasion in NW Europe

16. Invasion in NW Europe ① It was firstly introduced into GB in 1796, established in gardens in the 1870s, first recorded in the wild of Cumberland in 1927. ② Then the naturalized distribution was recorded in 16 European countries between the latitudes c. 46°and 68°N. (Bruun,2005) ③ It competed habitat, pollinators with the native species and excluded native Rosa species (Isermann, 2008) or hybridized with native Rosa species.

17. (Bruun, 2005)

18. Why is R. rugosa? ① The species take some advantages as a research system for study adaptation and evolution of shrub plant. ② Multiple introduction, no loss of genetic diversity and evolved new variation from native populations.(Kelager et al, 2012) and loss of genetic diversity in the populations of China (Yang et al, 2009) have been found. ③ There is no report about differences in growth and reprodution between the invasive populations of NW Europe and the declining populations of China.

19. Outline Background Questions Methods Results Discussion and conclusions New questions

20. Questions 1.Does Rosa rugosa Thunb. perform better in the invasive populations of NW Europe than in the declining populations of China? 2.What are differences in growth and reproduction between the invasive populations of NW Europe and the declining populations of China? 3.What are differences in growth and reproduction between shrubs within population?

21. Outline Background Questions Methods Results Discussion and conclusions New questions

22. Methods 1.Five invasive populations, Two declining populations and 10-16 shrub patches from each population. 2.Two plots (at center and edge of the shrub patch) of 1 m 2 within each shrub patch. 3.Measured the traits related to growth and reproduction: Height (cm), cover(%), hip number of R. rugosa in each plot of 1 m 2. 4.Collected 40 hips from each shrub patch. 5.Measured the hip length(mm), width(mm), seed number per hip of 10 hips from each shrub patch to calculate the seed production. 6.Determined the weight per hundred seeds 3 times for each shrub patch.

24. Location/CountryAbbreviationSample Size (Shrub number) Habitat Invasive expanding populations in Northwest Europe Langeoog/GermanyLAN15Manmade sand dunes against North Sea Hundige/DenmarkHUN14Manmade sand beach along Baltic Sea coast Dragor/DenmarkDRA11Sand beach along Baltic Sea coast Heatherhill/DenmarkHEA11Sand cliff along Kattegat Bay coast, connecting Baltic Sea and North Sea. Scanor/ SwedenSKA12Sand beach Baltic Sea coast Total563 Native endangered populations in China Muping/ ChinaMP10Sand beach along Bohai Sea Hunchun/ ChinaHCH10Sand dunes along Tumenjiang River Valley Total220 Table 1 Location, sample size and habitat of each investigated R. rugosa population.

26. Statistical analysis of data t-test One way and multiways ANOVA, ANCOVA, linear regression, descriptive statistics. Software: Origin 9.0, R 3.0.3 (Packages: HH, Lattice, ggplot2, ggmap etc.) By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

27. Outline Background Questions Methods Results Discussion and conclusions New questions

28. Results 1.Differences between introduced and native populations 2.Differences between all populations 3.Differences between shrubs within populations

29. Differences between introduced and native populations

30. By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

31. Differences between all populations By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

33. Differences between shrubs within populations By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

35. Population or genotype differentiation By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

37. Outline Background Questions Methods Results Discussion and conclusions New questions

38. Discussion and conclusion 1.The factors impact growth and reproduction: climate, soil nutrients, moisture and salinity, management and age of the shrub patches, local genetic variation. 2.Standing genetic diversity from multiple introduction has an effects on adaptive potential. 3.Historical artificial selection and management may act as important factors driving population dynamics

41. Discussion and conclusion 1.The factors impact growth and reproduction: climate, soil nutrients, moisture and salinity, management and age of the shrub patches, local genetic variation. 2.Standing genetic diversity from multiple introduction has an effects on adaptive potential. 3.Historical artificial selection and management may act as important factors driving population dynamics

42. By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

43. From Kelager et al, 2012

45. Conclusion Does Rosa rugosa Thunb. perform better in NW Europe than in China? Yes. What are differences in growth and reproduction between the invasive populations of NW Europe than in the declining populations of China? All measured traits were significantly higher in the invasive population than in the declining populations of China. Do all population and shrubs within populations present similar growth and reproduction? No, There are some specific populations and shrubs presenting significantly high growth and reproduction.

46. Take an adventure in ecology and evolution of invasive plants What is plant invasion? What happened with the performance related traits of invasive species? How do invasive plant species adapt to and evolve in a novel environment? Standing genetic diversity? High phenotypic plasticity? Novel genetic variation? Epigenetic variation? By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014

47. Go through the selected papers and discuss on What is the hypothesis of the paper? What methods did the researchers use? What was the sampling strategy, experiment design or/and data analysis methods? What are the main conclusions? By Shuping Zhang, Institue of Ecology and Biodiversity, Shandong University, April 2014