1. EDUC 657 Vicki Campos

2. Foundations- Social justice provides the ethical foundation in education for an increasingly diverse student population. All students can develop to their fullest potential, and achieve academic success through equality and equity. All students are capable of learning. BUILDING TEACHING SKILLS & DISPOSITIONS IMPLEMENTING PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE

3. Socioeconomic Status- We must prepare our students for the fast-paced, changing world in which we live. We cannot expect less from students because of low- socioconomic status. All students should be provided with a quality education. STILL SEPARATE, STILL UNEQUAL

4. Ethnicity and Race- We have the responsibility to ensure that we include all ethnic groups in our curriculum. I believe that we should implement a culturally responsive curriculum which integrates diversity thoughout all school activities and classes. AFFIRMING RACE AND ETHNICITY IN CLASSROOMS

5. GENDER DIFFERENCES Stereotypical roles harm both females and males in our society. Teachers must realize and understand that students’ cultures place different expectations on them, and they are socialized for their roles as males and females.

6. RESPONSE TO INTERVENTION Response to Intervention or RTI is a problem-solving model that is in place to assist students by meeting their learning needs. New strategies and interventions are tailored to specific needs of the students in all tiers.

7. SCHOOL POLICY ON RELIGION Religion- We can never underestimate the importance of religion. For some, it takes precedent over all matters. We must always be mindful and respectful of the religious rights of our students if we want to enhance our students’ ability to function in the classroom.

8. ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Exceptionalities, Diversity and Differences- Languages- As a foreign language and ESOL instructor, I am aware of the disproportionate placement of ethnic minorities, males and low-income students in special education programs. We must remember that the exceptional student deserves a positive and receptive environment. Students will reflect the attitude of the teacher!

9. AGE AND CULTURE It is extremely important for teachers to understand that age is a function of culture. With this knowledge, we can understand the struggles of our students in their search for acceptance among peers and family. Understanding young adulthood is critical and requires much understanding and patience.

10. RURAL VERSUS URBAN EDUCATION Geography- Our geographical space influences the way we experience life and culture. We must decide how we will integrate students from around the world into our classrooms. We must also introduce our students to global perspectives to prepare them to be successful in the real world.

11. EARLY EDUCATION OF THE MANDAN, HIDATSA, AND SAHNISH To succeed in the schools today, these Native American students must be perseverant in confronting racism and prejudice. Being cognizant of the Native American culture will greatly assist teachers in creating a positive educational environment.

12. THE BOARDING SCHOOL ERA Instead of a physical death, these children experienced a cultural death that continues to haunt the Native American culture today. The goal of the American government was to “civilize” the Native American students, but instead, these children completely lost their identity that in turn, destroyed their spirit.

13. CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Teachers must find a method to communicate their respect for cultural diversity. It is important to routinely attend extracurricular activities in which the students participate in an effort to show an interest in students’ lives. Culturally responsive strategies provide a positive environment that allows teaching and learning to flourish.

14. EDUCATION OF THE TURTLE MOUNTAIN BAND OF CHIPPEWA How refreshing to learn about the advancements made by the Turtle Mountain Reservation. What a struggle to receive the education that they deserved so very long ago! This maltreatment depicted a long history of misunderstandings and mistreatment of Native Americans. Because of this negative past, teachers must be cognizant of the cultural beliefs of Native American students, and do everything they can to create a positive, caring environment in their classrooms to show respect towards diverse cultures.