1. The Government’s Role in Financing Disaster Risks to Households and Businesses Authors: J. L. Bayer and R. Mechler

2. Questions How do households, farms and other businesses in developing countries cope with disaster losses? To what extent do their governments assist with reconstruction and rehabilitation, what we call collective loss sharing? To what extent do they engage in risk transfer? What types of institutional arrangements determine the extent of collective loss sharing and risk transfer for the private sector? What roles can the government play? Under what conditions are disaster risks to households and businesses insurable? What role are advanced computing technologies playing? How can private and public responsibility be combined in a national or regional insurance system?

3. Disaster Loss Financing Collective Loss Sharing For example, FONDEN calamity fund Risk Transfer For example, Insurance Micro-insurance Weather hedges Loss Sharing and Risk Transfer for the Private Sector

4. IIASA: Linneroth-Bayer et al. 2003 Mantaye 2000

5. Private insurance in low-income countries Private insurance in low-income countries  Insurance uptake is function of income  Need insurance culture and institutions  Expensive Source: Munich Re 2000

6. Insurability of disaster risks Risks are insurable if –they can be identified and quantified and –insurers unrestricted in setting premiums; However, insurance may not be available because of –little demand –adverse selection. Kunreuther (1998)

7. Risk transfer for households and businesses in developing countries? Commercial insurance is costly and plagued by moral hazard, therefore it is advisable only if It is affordable or there is assistance to very poor households, farms and other businesses There are no less costly alternatives It is tied to loss reduction

8. Public-private insurance systems for developing countries? Public-private insurance systems are in place mainly in developed countries –US, France, Norway, New Zealand and Japan Some important exceptions: –Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool(TCIP) –Puerto Rican reserve fund –Proposed for Caribbean

9. The US National Flood Insurance Program Credit from US treasury (No taxpayer support) Public Insurance VoluntaryVoluntary Risk basedRisk based Community mustCommunity mustqualify Extensive post-event government assistance to disaster victims

10. The French all-hazards system Taxpayer support If losses exceed capacity CCR public reinsurance Private insurance All hazardsAll hazards BundledBundled Flat-rate premiumsFlat-rate premiums with cross subsidies with cross subsidies

11. The Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) Main features of the TCIP Mandatory insurance policies Privately administered, public fund Premiums based on risk Insurance necessary for additional public post-event assistance Support from the international community

12. Risk transfer for public assets proposed for the East Caribbean and Honduras Source: Pollner 2000

13. Micro-insurance and other schemes Micro-insurance and other schemes  Public-private systems not an option for many developing countries  Unaffordable  Little knowledge of the risks  Lack of institutions and insurance culture  Micro-insurance schemes may be an alternative -Disaster insurance in India -Livestock insurance against sudden loss in Bangladesh  Banks  Weather hedges  One major issue is covariant risk, need for reinsurance

14. Loss mitigation Loss-sharing or risk-transfer schemes should be coupled with incentives for loss reduction, e.g., –The US flood insurance program – communities must qualify; –The French system provides decreasing compensation with recurring claims; –The Turkish calamity fund reduces premiums for households that take prescribed measures. Still role for government with top-down measures