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Microbiology Part 1 -- Microbiology & Immunology
Pare 2 -- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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Text Book Pharmaceutical Microbiology By Hugo W.B.& Russell A.D.
6th edition (1998) Blackwell Science
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Part 2 pharmaceutical Microbiology
## introduction to pharmaceutical Microbiology ## biology of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites), with their Pathogenicity ## recombinant DNA technology
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## antibiotics & synthetic antimicrobial agents with the mechanism of their action & the clinical uses of antimicrobial agents. ## dynamics of disinfection, antiseptics, & evaluation of preservatives ## microbial spoilage ## preservation of pharmaceutical products ## sterility control of pharmaceutical products
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First exam. = 20 marks Second exam. = 20 marks Quiz & reports = 20 marks Final exam. = 40 marks Total = 100 marks
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Introduction Pharmaceutical Microbiology
## is one of the many facts of applied Microbiology === aspects of Microbiology in Pharmacy industry
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Is a part of Microbiology which has a special bearing on Pharmacy in all its aspects. It ranges from the manufacture & quality control of Pharmaceutical products in general to an understanding of the mode of action of antibiotics Drug safety
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Modern Pharmaceutical Microbiology developed after World War II , with the introduction of the production of antibiotics All antibiotics were originally the products of microbial metabolism &/or microbial fermentation
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Streptomyces hygroscopius
** has different strains that make 200 different antibiotics Antibiotics are made industrially by inoculating a solution of growth medium with bacteria or mold-----after the antibiotic reaches a satisfactory concentration –it is extracted & precipitated with standard industrial procedures
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Vaccines are a products of industrial Microbiology
Steroids are a very important chemicals that include cortisone = which used as an anti-inflammatory drug Estrogens & progesterone = used in oral contraceptives Microorganisms can synthesize steroids from sterols or from related compounds
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Most of amino acids used in medicine & foods are produced by bacteria = lysine
Corynebacterium glutamicum produce == Lysine & glutamic acid Aspergillus niger === citric acid Enzymes & Vitamins used in medicines & food are produced by bacteria
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Scope of Microbiology The role of Microorganisms in the production of antibiotics & other pharmaceutical products Antibiotics = are substances produced by microorganisms (bacteria & fungi) and are capable of inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms Bacteriostatics = inhibit the growth of bacteria Bactericidal = kill the bacteria
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Scope of Microbiology Alexander Flaming (1928) Penicillin ===== Penicillium notatum
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List of some bacteria which produce antibiotics
Name of bacteria Name of antibiotic Streptomyces aureofaciens Tetracycline Streptomyces venezuelae Chloramphenicol Streptomyces rimosus Oxytetracycline Streptomyces erythraeus Erythromycin Streptomyces fradiae Neomycin Streptomyces kanamyceteus kanamycin Streptomyces griseus Streptomycin Bacillus subtillis bacitracin
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List of some fungi which produce antibiotics
Name of fungi Name of antibiotic Penicillium notatum Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Claviceps purpurea Ergot Penicillium griseofulvum Griseofulvin
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Scope of Microbiology In alcohol industry = yeast is used in the fermentation of carbohydrate to produce alcohol C6H12O C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy glucose ethyl alcohol Clostridium acetobutylicum== manufacture of butyl alcohol yeast
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Scope of Microbiology In vinegar industry= the production of vinegar (acetic acid) takes place with the help of bacterial actions in two steps First step C6H12O C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy glucose ethyl alcohol yeast
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Second step – aerobic bacteria oxidize the alcohol into acetic acid
Acetobactor aceti & Mycoderm aceti C2H5OH + O CH3COOH + H2O Ethyl alcohol acetic acid Acetobacter
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Scope of Microbiology Vitamin production
Vitamins obtained from bacteria: Riboflavins - B2 = Clostridium butylicum Cobalamins - B12= Pseudomonas denitrificans Vitamins A,C,D,& E are mostly found in algae Fungi (yeast) have high content of vit.B1,B12,& C
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Scope of Microbiology Production of Acids & Enzymes
Name of acid or enzyme Name of microorganism Citric acid Mucor Amylase Aspergillus oryzae Protease Bacillus subtilis Invertase Saccharomyces cerevisiae Streptokinase Streptococcus pyrogens
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Scope of Microbiology Used in cosmetics & perfumes
Some species of lichens (= combination of green algae & fungus – rocks & trees) are used to make perfumery goods & soaps Carrageenin is extracted from sea weeds and used in the manufacture of ice cream, paints, & shampoo
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Scope of Microbiology Used in Baking industry
Yeast is used in the manufacture of bread Starch sugars alcohol + CO2 bread becomes spongy & light weight yeast zymase
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Scope of Microbiology Used in the production of dairy products
All milk products are manufactured from bacterial activity Name of product Name of bacteria Cheese Lactobacillus lactis Yoghurt Lactobacillus vulgaricus Curd Streptococcus lactis Butter Butter milk Streptococcus lactis & streptococcus cremoris
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Scope of Microbiology Used in agriculture or soil fertility
Nitrogen is an essential for the synthesis of protein, nucleic acids & other nitrogen containing compounds Plants take nitrogen in the form of nitrates Nitrogen fixation is done by many organisms
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Scope of Microbiology Used as food
Many algae produce agar-agar (=a jelly-like substance) used in the manufacture of ice cream Some seaweeds contains a lot of iodine which is an important mineral in the thyroid gland Food for cattle & domestic animals
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