1. Microbiology Part 1 -- Microbiology & Immunology
Pare 2 -- Pharmaceutical Microbiology

2. Text Book Pharmaceutical Microbiology By Hugo W.B.& Russell A.D.
6th edition (1998)
Blackwell Science

3. Part 2 pharmaceutical Microbiology
## introduction to pharmaceutical Microbiology
## biology of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites), with their Pathogenicity
## recombinant DNA technology

4. ## antibiotics & synthetic antimicrobial agents with the mechanism of their action & the clinical uses of antimicrobial agents.
## dynamics of disinfection, antiseptics, & evaluation of preservatives
## microbial spoilage
## preservation of pharmaceutical products
## sterility control of pharmaceutical products

5. First exam. = 20 marks
Second exam. = 20 marks
Quiz & reports = 20 marks
Final exam. = 40 marks
Total = 100 marks

6. Introduction Pharmaceutical Microbiology
## is one of the many facts of applied Microbiology === aspects of Microbiology in Pharmacy industry

7. Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Is a part of Microbiology which has a special bearing on Pharmacy in all its aspects.
It ranges from the manufacture & quality control of Pharmaceutical products in general to an understanding of the mode of action of antibiotics
Drug safety

8. Modern Pharmaceutical Microbiology developed after World War II , with the introduction of the production of antibiotics
All antibiotics were originally the products of microbial metabolism &/or microbial fermentation

9. Streptomyces hygroscopius
** has different strains that make 200 different antibiotics
Antibiotics are made industrially by inoculating a solution of growth medium with bacteria or mold-----after the antibiotic reaches a satisfactory concentration –it is extracted & precipitated with standard industrial procedures

10. Vaccines are a products of industrial Microbiology
Steroids are a very important chemicals that include cortisone = which used as an anti-inflammatory drug
Estrogens & progesterone = used in oral contraceptives
Microorganisms can synthesize steroids from sterols or from related compounds

11. Most of amino acids used in medicine & foods are produced by bacteria = lysine
Corynebacterium glutamicum produce == Lysine & glutamic acid
Aspergillus niger === citric acid
Enzymes & Vitamins used in medicines & food are produced by bacteria

12. Scope of Microbiology The role of Microorganisms in the production of antibiotics & other pharmaceutical products
Antibiotics = are substances produced by microorganisms (bacteria & fungi) and are capable of inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms
Bacteriostatics = inhibit the growth of bacteria
Bactericidal = kill the bacteria

13. Scope of Microbiology
Alexander Flaming (1928) Penicillin ===== Penicillium notatum

15. List of some bacteria which produce antibiotics
Name of bacteria
Name of antibiotic
Streptomyces aureofaciens
Tetracycline
Streptomyces venezuelae
Chloramphenicol
Streptomyces rimosus
Oxytetracycline
Streptomyces erythraeus
Erythromycin
Streptomyces fradiae
Neomycin
Streptomyces kanamyceteus
kanamycin
Streptomyces griseus
Streptomycin
Bacillus subtillis
bacitracin

16. List of some fungi which produce antibiotics
Name of fungi
Name of antibiotic
Penicillium notatum
Penicillin
Penicillium chrysogenum
Claviceps purpurea
Ergot
Penicillium griseofulvum
Griseofulvin

17. Scope of Microbiology
In alcohol industry = yeast is used in the fermentation of carbohydrate to produce alcohol
C6H12O C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy
glucose ethyl alcohol
Clostridium acetobutylicum== manufacture of butyl alcohol
yeast

18. Scope of Microbiology
In vinegar industry= the production of vinegar (acetic acid) takes place with the help of bacterial actions in two steps
First step
C6H12O C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy
glucose ethyl alcohol
yeast

19. Second step – aerobic bacteria oxidize the alcohol into acetic acid
Acetobactor aceti & Mycoderm aceti
C2H5OH + O CH3COOH + H2O
Ethyl alcohol acetic acid
Acetobacter

20. Scope of Microbiology Vitamin production
Vitamins obtained from bacteria:
Riboflavins - B2 = Clostridium butylicum
Cobalamins - B12= Pseudomonas denitrificans
Vitamins A,C,D,& E are mostly found in algae
Fungi (yeast) have high content of vit.B1,B12,& C

21. Scope of Microbiology Production of Acids & Enzymes
Name of acid or enzyme
Name of microorganism
Citric acid
Mucor
Amylase
Aspergillus oryzae
Protease
Bacillus subtilis
Invertase
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Streptokinase
Streptococcus pyrogens

22. Scope of Microbiology Used in cosmetics & perfumes
Some species of lichens (= combination of green algae & fungus – rocks & trees) are used to make perfumery goods & soaps
Carrageenin is extracted from sea weeds and used in the manufacture of ice cream, paints, & shampoo

23. Scope of Microbiology Used in Baking industry
Yeast is used in the manufacture of bread
Starch sugars alcohol + CO2
bread becomes spongy
& light weight
yeast
zymase

24. Scope of Microbiology Used in the production of dairy products
All milk products are manufactured from bacterial activity
Name of product
Name of bacteria
Cheese
Lactobacillus lactis
Yoghurt
Lactobacillus vulgaricus
Curd
Streptococcus lactis
Butter
Butter milk
Streptococcus lactis & streptococcus cremoris

25. Scope of Microbiology Used in agriculture or soil fertility
Nitrogen is an essential for the synthesis of protein, nucleic acids & other nitrogen containing compounds
Plants take nitrogen in the form of nitrates
Nitrogen fixation is done by many organisms

26. Scope of Microbiology Used as food
Many algae produce agar-agar (=a jelly-like substance) used in the manufacture of ice cream
Some seaweeds contains a lot of iodine which is an important mineral in the thyroid gland
Food for cattle & domestic animals