1. Westward Expansion: Final Review

2. Final Test: Format First section on terms and events: matching, fill-in-the-blank, short-answer sections (if you wish to take this section open-note, maximum grade is a 3) Second section: two essays (prompts on handout, giving out today) (open-note all) Expectation for class Monday: study for test over the weekend and bring everything for the westward expansion unit in your portfolio to class

3. Agenda for today’s review session Term review; complete charts Video question review (complete open- ended questions on your own time over the weekend, handing in Monday for a grade) Crossword answers Force the choice activity (group, then pairs) Essay prompt overview

4. Imperialism Aggressive and coercive political, economic, military diplomacy or negotiation.

5. American Exceptionalism Ideology or belief that the U.S. is superior to other countries; invoked during the period of westward expansion to justify the domination and manipulation of American Indians. Frederick Jackson Turner's “Frontier Thesis”

6. Cession Formal giving up of property (in the case of westward expansion, Native American were coerced and forced to cede their homeland)

7. Nationalism Extreme or excessive pride in one's country Significance of the war of 1812?

8. Scientific Racism Justified prejudice and differentiation of human beings based on ideas of racial hierarchy and superiority that were alledgedly evident in science (pseudo- science). Whites--> Native Americans-->African Americans!!!!

9. Manifest Destiny The ideology or belief that the United States was predestined to settle the land from the east to west coast, as willed by the (Christian) God.

10. Andrew Jackson President from 1829-1837, General during the war of 1812 The U.S. President who signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and effectively ignored the Worcester vs. Georgia Supreme Court decision (1832) by allowing the state of Georgia to broker the Treaty of Echota with the Cherokee nation (1835). The Indian Removal Act, enacted in 1830, authorized the exploitation and removal of Native Americans from their homelands.

11. African Americans during westward expansion: What roles did they occupy in U.S. society? Slaves prior to the Civil War and the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation Buffalo Soldiers fighting in the U.S. army against the Native Americans; can someone explain the irony? Cowboys and Pioneers (¼ of the pioneers who utilized the land grants allocated by the Homestead Act of 1862)

12. Walt Whitman’s Pioneers! O Pioneers! “Have the elder races halted? Do they droop and end their lesson, wearied, over there beyond the seas? We take up the task eternal, and the burden, and the lesson, Pioneers! O pioneers!”

13. Walt Whitman’s Pioneers! O Pioneers! “We primeval forests felling, We the rivers stemming, vexing we, and piercing deep the mines within; We the surface broad surveying, we the virgin soil upheaving, Pioneers! O pioneers!”

14. John Gast’s American Progress Who is in this painting?: Who painted this? What values/ideals was the artist representing; what was the painting's point? Romanticize:

15. Photo of Native Americans Who: took the photo?/who's in the photo? What does this photo represent? Assimilation: Americanization: Dawes Act: adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians (reservations (later New Deal, FDR ended)

16. Photo of laborers Who: When and why? What does this photo represent? Immigration: Who is immigrating and why? What power dynamics are represented in this photo? Leg: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

17. Painting of the TC RR’s completion Date/locationAmerican exceptionalism Who and what does this Represent? Imperialism: who has The power here to Negotiate Cession: who is ceding land?