1. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600BCE to 600CE
Key Concept 2.1: The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions
Key Concept 2.2: The Development of States and Empires
Key Concept 2.3: Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

2. Codification of Religion
States and empires increased in size, religion was transformed
Belief systems provided a bond among people and ethical codes to live by
Reinforced political, economic, and social hierarchies (caste system)
Religious and political authority merged
Belief systems generated conflict
Judaism and Hebrew Code
Vedic Religions

3. Codification of Religion
Hinduism
Buddhism-reaction to the Vedic beliefs of South Asia-desire, suffering, enlightenment all apply to both
Buddhism spread and changed
Confucianism
Daoism-influence on Chinese culture
Christianity
Greco-Roman philosophy
Ancestor veneration, Shamanism, Animism (Africa, East Asia, Mediterranean, Andes)

4. Literature and Drama Greek plays Indian Epics Distinctive Architecture
Greece
Rome
Mesoamerica

5. Development of States and Empires
Empires grew in population and size, lites to manage affairs
Currencies, internal improvements
Cities
Competed for resources and land causes conflict
Powerful militaries
Administrative institutions-centralized governments, diplomacy, infrastructure
Ethnically and culturally diverse populations
By expanding, created unmanageable political, cultural, and administrative difficulties
Social and economic problems
Environmental challenges
External problems (borders)

6. Important Classical Age States
SW Asia: Persian Empires (remember there are three: Achaemenid, B.C.E., Parthian, 247 B.C. E.-228 C.E., Sassanid, C.E.)
E Asia: Qin and Han
S Asia: Maurya and Gupta
Mediterranean: Phoenicia, Greece, Hellenistic, Rome
Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya
Andes: Moche

7. Networks of Exchange Long distance trade increased
Demand for luxury goods and raw materials
Land and water routes linked many regions
Exchange of people, technologies, religions, cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, disease pathogens
America and Oceania had localized networks

8. Networks of Exchange Eurasian Silk Roads Tran-Saharan Caravan
Indian Ocean Sea Lanes
Mediterranean Sea Lanes

9. New Transportation Technologies
Yokes
Saddles
Stirrups
Horses
Oxen
Llamas
Camels
Improved maritime technologies (E. Asia to E. Africa)
Dhow

10. Impacts of Trade New farming and irrigation techniques- Qanat
Disease-Rome and China
Religions were reformed
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism

14. Persepolis: Persia

16. Carthage: Phoenician

18. Athens: Greece

20. Pataliputra: Mauryan

22. Chang’an (present day Xi’an)

24. Rome

25. Constantinople

27. Alexandria

29. Teotihuacan