1. Enlightenment and Revolutions Enlightenment American & French Revolutions Latin American Independence Movements Industrial Revolution

2. The Enlightenment u A movement in the 18th century in Western Europe –Stressed the importance of reason and science in philosophy and the study of human society. “The key, and most significant, cause of the Enlightenment was the Scientific Revolution”

3. Natural Rights u Inherent in people u Some argue “God given rights” u Universal & Inalienable u Natural law--discover fair, just, and natural in political and social realms through reason

4. Key Thinkers of the Enlightenment u Locke F natural rights- life, liberty, property F Natural right to rebel against tyranny u Montesquieu F three branches of gov’t. u Voltaire F freedom of speech u Rousseau F will of the people should govern

5. Effects of the Enlightenment u Inspired revolutions in the American colonies, France and Latin America

6. French Revolution Background Causes 1. Inequality between the 3 Estates 2. Monarchy ineffective (Louis XV and XVI) 3.Bad Harvests 4.Financial Collapse

7. Achievements of French Revolution u Declaration of the Rights of Man –“liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression are mans natural rights” –Every man is innocent until proven guilty u Constitution of 1791 –created National Assembly, which had power to make laws –ensured equality before law for all citizens

8. u Liberty- Freedom for all people, especially from absolute and unjust rule u Equality- Equal treatment for all people, especially before the law u Fraternity- Brotherhood for all people u Nationalism intensified “Proud to be French” u Worldwide influence Latin America Impact of the French Revolution

9. 19th Century Revolutions u Power of Nationalism u Liberalism vs. Conservatism u Series of Revolutions 1830, 1848 –“When France sneeze, Europe catches a cold.” u New Constitutions (French Republics)

10. The Congress of Vienna u The main goal of the conference was to create a balance of power after the French Revolution that would preserve peace in Europe u Restore the monarchies of Europe to power Conservative- preserve traditional (monarchy) ways Liberal- promote social change and individual freedom

11. Latin American Independence Movements u Latin America Independence Leaders- –Simon Bolivar – Jose de San Martin –Bernardo O’Higgins – Father Hidalgo u Causes –European domination of Latin America –Spread of Enlightenment ideas –American and French revolutions –Growth of nationalism in Latin America

12. Latin American Independence Movements

13. Latin American Social Structure Peninsulares Born in Europe Creoles- Of European descent but born in Americas Mestizos Mulattoes Native Americans And Africans