1. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com1 ECGD4228 Transportation Engineering II Summer 2008 Sat. 15:30-18:30 PM K004

2. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com2  Pavement Purposes and Significance  Pavement Conditions  Pavement Types  Paving Materials Lecture 4

3. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com3  Pavement Materials  Pavement Structural Analysis  Pavement Design  Pavement Maintenance  Pavement Rehabilitation  Pavement Management Systems Pavement Engineering

4. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com4  Road pavements are structures designed and built on existing grounds to facilitate smooth, safe, reliable, and convenient traffic flows. General Definition

5. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com5  Flexible Pavements  Rigid Pavements  Mixed Pavements Categories of Road Paving

6. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com6 Category I: Flexible Pavements

7. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com7  Hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements  Considered as flexible structures since the total pavement structure flexes to conform the applied traffic loads Categories of Road Paving Flexible Pavements

8. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com8  Traffic Lanes  Auxiliary Lanes  Parking Lots  Shoulders  Ramps Typical Applications of Flexible Pavements

9. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com9  Adjusts to limited differential settlements  Easy repair and maintenance  Maintains non-slip properties  More convenient for drivers  Tolerates a wide range of temperatures Advantages of Flexible Pavements

10. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com10  Flexibility and cohesion decrease with time  Requires resurfacing sooner than rigid paving  Normally not suitable for dominantly wet areas Disadvantages of Flexible Pavements

11. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com11 Types of Flexible Pavements Dense Graded

12. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com12 Types of Flexible Pavements Open Graded

13. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com13 Types of Flexible Pavements Gap Graded

14. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com14 Surfaces of Flexible Pavements

15. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com15 Surfaces of Flexible Pavements

16. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com16 Surfaces of Flexible Pavements

17. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com17 Structure of Flexible Pavements

18. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com18 Load Distribution in Flexible Pavements

19. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com19 Load Effect in Flexible Pavements

20. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com20 Configuration of Flexible Pavements Heavy Traffic Volumes

21. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com21 Configuration of Flexible Pavements Light Traffic Volumes

22. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com22  Asphalt (Bitumen) is a waste product from refinery processing of crude oil  Sometimes called the “bottom of the barrel”  Properties depend on:  Composition of crude source  Refinery operations Composition of Flexible Pavements Bituminous Materials

23. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com23 Configuration of Flexible Pavements Refined Crude Oil

24. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com24  Bituminous Binders  Asphalt Cement  Cutback Asphalt  Emulsified Asphalt  Asphalt Concrete (Binder + Aggregate) Composition of Flexible Pavements Bituminous Materials

25. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com25  Asphalt cements: Generally refinery produced material - Air blown  Cutbacks: Asphalt cements “cut” with petroleum solvents  Emulsions: Mixture of asphalt cement, water, and emulsifying agents Composition of Flexible Pavements Bituminous Binders

26. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com26 Composition of Flexible Pavements Chemical Composition of Asphalt Cement ElementPortion Carbon 85 % Hydrogen 10 % Sulfur 1 - 5 % Nitrogen 0.3 - 1.1 % Oxygen 0.2 - 0.8 % Vanadium < 1400 ppm Nickel < 110 ppm

27. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com27  Asphaltenes  Large, discrete solid inclusions (black)  High viscosity component  Resins  Semi-solid or solid at room temperature  Fluid when heated  Brittle when cold  Oils  Colorless liquid  Soluble in most solvents  Allows asphalt to flow Composition of Flexible Pavements Components of Asphalt Cement

28. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com28  Rapid cure (RC) (Naphtha or Gasoline)  High volatility of solvent  Tack coats, surface treatments  Medium cure (MC) (Kerosene)  Moderate volatility  Stockpile patching mix  Slow cure (SC) (Low viscosity oil)  Low volatility  Prime coat, dust control Composition of Flexible Pavements Cutbacks

29. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com29 Composition of Flexible Pavements Emulsified Asphalts

30. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com30  Hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC): Asphalt cement and aggregate heated to 300°F & mixed  Cold mix: Aggregate mixed with liquid asphalt  Surface treatments (or seal coats)  Prime coats and tack coats  Slurry seals  Crack seals Composition of Flexible Pavements Different Usages

31. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com31  Consistency, measured by  Kinematic viscosity at 135°C (in mm 2 /sec)  Absolute viscosity at 60°C (in 0.1 Pa.Sec)  Penetration Test at 25°C (in 0.1 mm)  Aging during production of HMAC & service  Rolling Thin-Film-Oven-Test (RTFOT)  Durability, which is the resistance to  Oxidation, volatilization, age-hardening  Stripping of asphalt from aggregate  Lottman Test Composition of Flexible Pavements Testing of Asphalt Properties

32. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com32 Flexible Pavements Testing of Subgrade Properties  Characterized by strength and/or stiffness  California Bearing Ratio (CBR)  Measures shearing resistance  Typical values: 0 - 20 %  Resilient Modulus (M R )  Measures stress-strain relationship  Typical values: 3,000 - 40,000 psi (20 – 275 MPa)

33. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com33 GradeCBR M R (psi) Typical Description Good ≥ 10 20,000 Gravels, crushed stone and sandy soils. GW, GP, GM, SW, SP, SM soils are often in this category. Fair 5 – 9 10,000 Clayey gravel and clayey sand, fine silt soils. GM, GC, SM, SC soils are often in this category. Poor 3 – 5 5,000 Fine silty sands, clays, silts, organic soils. CL, CH, ML, MH, CM, OL, OH soils are often in this category. Testing of Subgrade Properties

34. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com34 Construction of Flexible Pavements

35. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com35 Construction of Flexible Pavements

36. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com36 Construction of Flexible Pavements

37. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com37 Construction of Flexible Pavements

38. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com38 Construction of Flexible Pavements

39. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com39 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Condition vs. Time

40. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com40 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Low Severity Fatigue Cracking

41. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com41 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Moderate Severity Fatigue Cracking

42. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com42 Distresses in Flexible Pavements High Severity Spalled Fatigue Cracking

43. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com43 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Chicken Wire / Alligator Pattern Fatigue Cracking

44. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com44 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Longitudinal Fatigue Cracking

45. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com45 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Transverse Fatigue Cracking

46. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com46 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Blocked Fatigue Cracking

47. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com47 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Edge Fatigue Cracking

48. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com48 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Rutting

49. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com49 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Rutting

50. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com50 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Shoving (Heavy Weight Impact)

51. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com51 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Shoving (Heavy Weight Impact)

52. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com52 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Potholes

53. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com53 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Water Bleeding and Flushing (Pumping)

54. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com54 Distresses in Flexible Pavements Frost Thawing

55. Dr. Wa'el M. Albawwab albawwab@gmail.com55 Rehabilitation of Flexible Pavements Resurfacing