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The French Revolution
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1700s France Background Social Order
24,000,000 citizens – most in Europe Political and social order dating back to the Middle Ages Wealthiest and most powerful country in Europe Unequal distribution of wealth Society broken up into three estates 1st Estate Clergy 2nd Estate Nobility 3rd Estate Everyone else
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Unfair tax system and land distribution
Causes Enlightenment American Revolution Unfair tax system and land distribution Poor harvests Royal spending
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Stages of the Revolution
The Liberal Phase The Radical Phase The Directory Age of Napoleon
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The Liberal Phase – 1789-1792 June 1789 July 1789
Estates General convene at Versailles Third Estate declare themselves legislative body: National Assembly Goal is to create a constitution King does not intervene July 1789 Parisian citizens storm the Bastille gathering arms and munitions
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The Liberal/Moderate Phase
August 1789 Titles of nobility and feudal obligations terminated, tax system abolished Great Fear: Peasants attack feudal lords throughout countryside Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen written November 1789 Civil Constitution of the Clergy: Church lands seized, tithe abolished 1791 Constitution completed, creation of a limited monarchy
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Who is going to be terrified of the French Revolution?
The French Plague! Who is going to be terrified of the French Revolution? Why?
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Chaos Breads Change and Violence
The Terror:
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War Prompts Radicalism - 1792
Austria, Prussia, Spain and England at war with France Constitutional Monarchy abolished Radicals abolish Legislative Assembly and create the National Convention – republic declared Moderates not achieving enough Louis XVI imprisoned in Paris
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First Louis is taken from the Palace of Versailles…
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Then he is taken to the Tuileries Palace in Paris…
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The Temple Prison Did Louis need to die? Why or why not?
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1793 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed
Foreign armies continue to attack Committee of Public Safety formed 12 member group led by Robespierre charged with protecting the country and revolution “Terror is the order of the day”
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Reign of Terror The Directory
Guillotine drops until foreign armies are repealed Terror ends with Robespierre's execution Over 12,000 officially guillotined Thousands more still unofficially executed
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The Directory Five member governing body elected from the upper house of the legislative body Largely inefficient and corrupt body of government Doesn’t end the bread crisis Doesn’t end the foreign wars Doesn’t create a sense of stability within France
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Napoleon!
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Napoleon Common born, successful general
Rules as a member of the Consulate (1 of 3) in 1799 Declares himself emperor in 1804 Create political stability in France Expands some of the ideals of the French Revolution through war Conquer territory in Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Austria, Egypt, Prussia, and Russia
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Europe in 1800
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Napoleon’s Expanding French Empire
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Continental System 1806
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Effects New code of law in conquered lands Napoleonic Code
Abolished titles of nobility and serfdom Eliminated medieval law and customs Abolished church privileges Equal rights for male citizens Eliminated primogeniture Effects
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Spread of the Napoleonic Code
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Key Figures at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.)
Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Tallyrand (Fr.)
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Congress of Vienna Objectives Principles Key Figures
Establish long lasting peace between the great powers Turn back the clock/return to the status quo to 1789 Politically, socially, and territorially Principles Compensation Create a balance of power Principles of legitimacy “Concert of Europe” and intervention Key Figures Metternich Alexander I Talleyrand Congress of Vienna
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Europe After the Congress of Vienna
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