2. Concepts

3. Other pilot Flight attendants Dispatch ATC Maintenance

4. Hardware: airplane Software: charts, manuals Liveware: personnel

6. Concepts

7. Friends/family Other hikers Forest/park rangers

8. Hardware: pack, tent, boots Software: map, guide books Liveware: hikers, rangers, friends

9. The accurate perception of what has happened, what is going on now, and what will happen in the future.

10. Long duty days Abnormal working hours Disrupted circadian cycles

11. Poor physical condition Too much pack weight Too long hiking distance Inadequate nutrition

12. The CRM concept of detecting possible threats/errors, and managing them efficiently and effectively. Threat and Error Management

13. Possible Responses to Errors: Trap Exacerbate Fail to respond/ignore Threat and Error Management

14. Weather Terrain Fuel Fatigue Loss of situational awareness Unruly/dangerous passengers Mechanical failure Threat and Error Management

15. Weather Terrain Food/Water Fatigue Loss of situational awareness Wild animals/poisonous plants Equipment failure Threat and Error Management