1. Honors Biology Module 1 Lesson 1 Tom DeRosa Creation Studies Institute 1

2. Comparison of a Car Engine to a Living Cell Vs. 2

3. What is Life? 1.A highly organized system of parts that work together to accomplish a common goal. 2.The living system must provide the following; Homeostasis – staying the same Reproduction Growth and development Utilization of energy by changing to one form to another Responding to stimuli Repair themselves 3

4. All living things are made of highly complex systems. 4

5. Irreducible Complexity by Michael Behe If any one of the well defined interacting components that work together in a biological system to accomplish a common purpose would cease to function, the system would fail in accomplishing it’s designated purpose. 5

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8. DNA And Chromosomes 8

9. “Chimps and humans share almost 99% of their DNA. New Discoveries reveal how we can be so alike” “As Scientists keep reminding us, evolution is a random process in which haphazard genetic changes interact with random environmental conditions produce an organism somehow fitter than its fellows.” 9

10. What does one percent mean? 1.It is not Physical differences Do you look like 99% monkey? A caterpillar and Butterfly have the same DNA 2. Chromosomes in humans are 46 while chimps have 48 pairs. 3. Only 29 % proteins are in our body in the same 4. There is no explanation of how mutations can be part of it. 10

11. Information DNA Caterpillar = DNA Butterfly 11

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13. Neutral Mutations Beneficial Mutations Insignificant Number 13

14. “Nor shall I here discuss the various definitions which have given the term species. No one definition has satisfied all naturalists…. Generally the term includes unknown element of a distant act of creation.” Chapter 2 “Variation Under Nature.” On the Origins of Species. Charles Darwin 1859 14

15. How do you define species? “When we turn to the technical literature on species, the nature of species becomes much less clear. Biologists offer a dozen definitions of the term ‘species’ " (Claridge, Dawah, and Wilson 1997). Marc Ereshefsky, “Species,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002/entries/ species, 2002 15

16. Metabolism The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions Metabolism can be split into two categories: anabolism and catabolism. 16

17. Anabolism – The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life Catabolism – The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks 17

18. The Bottom of the Food Chain Photosynthesis – The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food, Herbivores – Organisms that eat only plants 18

19. The Top of the Food Chain Carnivores – Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants Omnivores – Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms 19

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21. Another way of classifying Producers – Organisms that produce their own food Consumers – Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food Decomposers – Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms 21

22. 22 Autotrophs – Organisms that are able to make their own food Heterotrophs – Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food

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24. Reproduction 24 Asexual reproduction – Reproduction accomplished by a single organism Sexual reproduction – Reproduction that requires two organisms Inheritance – The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring Mutation – An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents

25. Scientific Method Hypothesis – An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question Theory – A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data Scientific law – A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data 25

26. Well-substantiated Incorporate facts Laws Inferences Tested hypothesis. Theory 26

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28. Part 2 Lesson 2 Tom DeRosa Creation Studies Institute 28

29. Spontaneous Generation Among these ideas, for centuries, since at least the time of Aristotle (4th Century BC), people (including scientists) believed that simple living organisms could come into being by spontaneous generation. This was the idea that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms. 29

30. Limitations of Science Spontaneous Generation Jean Baptist van Helmont Experiment 30 Sweaty shirt Grains of wheat In a wooden Box within 21 days

31. Aristotle Disproven 31 In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat. Spontaneous generation lasted 1900 years before proven wrong

32. Louis Pasteur proved “Only Life begets life” 1859 32

33. Microbiology Bacteria, and other microorganisms, were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. In doing so Leeuwenhoek made one of the most important discoveries in biology and initiated the scientific fields of bacteriology and microbiology. 33 Microorganisms – Living Creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.

34. Chemical Evolution exists today. Abiogenesis: The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions. Chemical Evolution: proposes that inert molecules as Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen compounds mixed with water and gases to form the building blocks of life. Such idea is preposterous. 34

35. 35 The Replicator Molecule Selfish Gene by Dawkins “At some point a particularly remarkable molecule was formed by accident. We will call it the Replicator. It may not necessarily have been the biggest or the most complex molecule around, but it had the extraordinary property of being able to create copies of itself. This may seem a very unlikely sort of accident to happen. So it was. It was exceedingly improbable.” (1976)

36. Biological Classification 36 King Philip Cried Out, “For Goodness Sake” Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Squashed

37. The Five Kingdoms Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 37

38. Two types of cells Prokaryotic cell – A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles Eukaryotic cell – A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles Organelles are distinct structures within the cell to carry the individual tasks needed to complete the functions of life. 38

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40. Prokaryotic cell 40

41. Eukaryotic Cell – Animal Cell 41

42. Kingdom Monera Single Cells or an association of single cells Consist of Prokaryotic cells Examples: Bacteria, Blue green Algae 42

43. Kingdom Protista Protista consist of eukaryotic cells that can be unicellular, multicellular or colonial. Some move around and act like animals, others perform photosynthesis like plants, and still others seem to "think" they're fungi! Examples: Amoebae, paramecia and algae 43

44. Kingdom Fungi Made up of decomposers. Have eukaryotic cells. Most fungi are multi-cellular, They are macroscopic – you can see with the naked eye. Example: Mushrooms and bread molds 44

45. Kingdom Plantae Composed of autotrophs (organisms that produce their own food). There are a few exceptions Multicelled organisms with eukaryotic cells. Called “plants.” - trees, grass, flowering bushes, etc., 45

46. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells. Members of kingdom Animalia are Heterotrophs (dependent on other organisms for food) Of course, members of kingdom Animalia are called “animals.” Grasshoppers, birds, cats, fish, and snakes are all members of kingdom 46

47. Species A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units 47

48. “Nor shall I here discuss the various definitions which have given the term species. No one definition has satisfied all naturalists…. Generally the term includes unknown element of a distant act of creation.” Charles Darwin 1859 48

49. How do you define species? “When we turn to the technical literature on species, the nature of species becomes much less clear. Biologists offer a dozen definitions of the term ‘species’ " (Claridge, Dawah, and Wilson 1997). Marc Ereshefsky, “Species,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002/entries/ species, 2002

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53. Naming Organisms Based on Classification Taxonomy – The science of classifying organisms Binomial nomenclature – Naming an organism with its genus and species name 53

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55. Baraminology This classification system, attempts to determine the kinds of creatures that God specifically created on earth. “baraminology” Hebrew words bara, which means “create,” and min, which means “kind.” Baraminology is the study of created kinds. 55