2. Climate Crisis Facts Green House Gasses Where are we as a Planet Measurement of CO 2 e Emission Scopes Impact on Trucking So What Can Be Done Programme Highlights

13. Kyoto Protocol United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change combating global warming international environmental treaty stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at combating global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." adopted 11 December 1997 Kyoto, Japan force 16 February 2005 The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February 2005. As of October 2009, 184 states have signed and ratified the protocol.

14. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53

15. Green House Gasses

17. Human Activity  Global Warming Global Warming  Climate Change Accelerated warming though secondary impacts & feedback loops If the weather engine that drives our ecosystems collapses we reach tipping point If the weather engine that drives our ecosystems collapses we reach tipping point

18. Take Action? Do Humans Compound Climate Change? We don’t think we do! We think We Do! YESNOCost Unrecoverable Global Economic Depression : Global Catastrophes : Political Environmental Economic Public Health Social Cost NO

20. What is a carbon footprint – definition A carbon footprint is defined as: The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 e).

21. CO 2 Equivalent (CO 2 e) is the concentration of CO 2 that would cause the same level of radioactive forcing as a given type and concentration of greenhouse gas Values for CH 4 and N 2 O are presented as CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 e) using Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors*, consistent with reporting under the Kyoto Protocol and the second assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

22. Combustion produces emissions  CO – carbon monoxide  CO 2 – carbon dioxide  CH 4 – methane  N 2 O – nitrous oxide Measured in Kg Equivalent CO 2 (CO 2 e) emitted per liter of fuel combusted 1 liter of petrol combusted = 2.3 Kg CO 2 e Petrol EnginePetrol Engine

23. fuel typeunit CO 2 e emitted per unit Petrol1 litre 2.31 kg Diesel 1 litre 2.67 kg *

25. WRI (World Resource Institute) reporting guidelines classify business activities that generate emissions according to a “Scope” association as follows: WRI (World Resource Institute) reporting guidelines classify business activities that generate emissions according to a “Scope” association as follows:  Scope 1 emissions are those directly occurring from sources that are owned or controlled by the business, including on-site stationary combustion of fossil fuels; mobile combustion of fossil fuels by company owned / controlled vehicles and “fugitive” emissions. Fugitive emissions result from intentional or unintentional release of GHG’s (e.g. leakage of HFCs from refrigeration and / or air conditioning equipment) The World Resources Institute (WRI) is an environmental think tank founded in 1982 based in Washington, D.C.

26. emissionsare indirect emissions generated in the production of electricity consumed by the business  Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions generated in the production of electricity consumed by the business emissionsare all the other indirect emissions that are generated as a consequence of the activities of the business, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company (e.g. commuting, air travel, waste disposal, water usage, etc)  Scope 3 emissions are all the other indirect emissions that are generated as a consequence of the activities of the business, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company (e.g. commuting, air travel, waste disposal, water usage, etc)

27. Courtesy of Barloworld Logistics

28. Energy use assessments* – based on energy consumption data (electricity, LPG, Diesel, Petrol)Energy use assessments* – based on energy consumption data (electricity, LPG, Diesel, Petrol) GHG audits** –GHG audits** – based on GHG protocol * Scope 1 and 2 emissions factors only* Scope 1 and 2 emissions factors only ** Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions factors** Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions factors

29. Courtesy of Barloworld Logistics

31. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The National Treasury of the Republic of South Africa has recognized that South Africa, as one of the top twenty CO 2 emitters in the world, will need to take positive steps to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, whilst still ensuring economic growth, increased employment and poverty reduction. As part of this process the National Treasury released a discussion paper for public comment in December 2010 on the carbon tax option to reduce greenhouse gases.

32. … This document is a response to the Road Freight Association’s requirement to investigate the impact of carbon taxes on the freight logistics sector and determine some of the potential effects of this on consumers. …The effect as a percentage of GDP in 2009 terms. At a carbon tax rate of R75 per ton the carbon tax is likely to be in the region of 1,4% of GDP and at a rate of R250 per ton it would comprise approximately 4,6% of GDP.

33. Courtesy of Jim Campbell

34. The two main economic policy instruments available for putting a price on carbon and curbing GHG emissions are carbon taxation and emissions trading schemes. The carbon tax seeks to reduce emissions through the price mechanism directly, while emissions trading schemes establishes targets for specific levels of emissions through the trade in allowances.

38. ULS grade diesel = 2,3% of total annual diesel sales the cost to the South African oil refining industry to upgrade …, is estimated to be between R20 billion and R40 billion the full cost to be carried by the oil industry without any major returns in adjusted fuel price margins. Courtesy of Jim Campbell

39. An after market product added to fuel claimed to enhance the performance of the fuel and so improve the consumption Which are the solutions that deliver the nett financial benefit??? Fuel management solutions are available, the approach is holistic and requires a management focus

40. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Diesel/LPG mixtures 100% bio-mass based fuel and Bio diesel mixtures, Pure methane, Compressed natural gas (CNG) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Methane /diesel mixtures Hybrid power units, a combination of fossil fuel and electrical power. Pure electrical using on-board electrical storage. Hydrogen fuel cells Courtesy of Jim Campbell

41. For an initial installed cost of around R100 000, there will be savings in CO 2 emissions of up to 15%, and based on the current price of LPG for automotive use, an anticipated reduction in combined fuel costs of between 25 – 30% compared to an engine fuelled by diesel only. Courtesy of Jim Campbell

42. There are a number of busses currently operating in Europe and the US with hydrogen fuel, carried in storage vessels located on the roof of the vehicle in compressed gas form at pressures of up to 34 mega Pascals (5000 psi). As with electrically powered buses and the restricted area of operation, and the space required for the hydrogen storage vessels, this power source is not currently suitable for medium and long distance vehicles. Courtesy of Jim Campbell

43. Improved Vehicle Routing Vehicle technology and efficiency vehicles combinations aerodynamics can account for up to 50% of fuel consumption (especially at cruising/trunking speeds) equip the vehicle and trailer/s with fairings to ease the flow of air around the vehicle Performance Based Standards (PBS) Vehicles From a Paper by Paul Nordengen The overall benefit in terms of the environment is to allow greater loads to be carried, in greater safety to other road users, for a given engine capacity and power, with a minimal increase in fuel consumption and without additional damage to the road infrastructure Courtesy of Jim Campbell