1. Shanna R. Simpson-Singleton Professor Kenneth Shiskowski, Ph.D. Mathematics Department

2. An ancient civilization (approx. 3000 B.C.E – 1800 B.C.E.) that populated Mesopotamia, an area between the Tigris and Euphrates Valley. They are often referred to as the cradle of civilization. Credited for the creation of the written language as a form cryptography. Used the substitution method of cryptography to encrypt cuneiform messages on stone tablets. Sources: http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Photo from: http://www.livius.org/a/1/mesopotamia/gilgamesh_louvre.JPG http://www.livius.org/a/1/mesopotamia/gilgamesh_louvre.JPG

3. A very religious and ritualistic ancient civilization (3100 B.C.E. – 330 B.C.E,). Known best for its architecture of temple, monuments, and tombs. Used the substitution method of cryptology to amuse travelers and created a dramatic affect with ancient religious texts. Sources: http://i94.photobucket.com/albu ms/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Pa pers/Stewart%20Synopsis/Ancient EgyptianFamily.jpg and (Pinock, p. 12) http://i94.photobucket.com/albu ms/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Pa pers/Stewart%20Synopsis/Ancient EgyptianFamily.jpg Photo from: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom% 20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom% 20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg

4. A Roman emperor that is credited for building the Great Roman Empire. Used the Caesar cipher, an affine transformation cipher, to secretly communicate with his generals. Sources: http://i94.photobucket.com/a lbums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedo m%20Papers/Stewart%20Syn opsis/AncientEgyptianFamily. jpg and (Pinock, p. 12) http://i94.photobucket.com/a lbums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedo m%20Papers/Stewart%20Syn opsis/AncientEgyptianFamily. jpg Photo from: http://www.desitin.dk/images/JuliusCaesar.jpghttp://www.desitin.dk/images/JuliusCaesar.jpg

5. A French diplomat and cryptographer (1523-1596). The Vigenère cipher is named after him, although it was later discovered that he may not have created this cipher. (maybe Giovan Battista Bellaso created the cipher). Later created the autokey cipher. Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen %C3%A8re_cipher and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise _de_Vigen%C3%A8re http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen %C3%A8re_cipher http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise _de_Vigen%C3%A8re Photo from: http://www-ivs.cs.uni- magdeburg.de/bs/lehre/wise0102/progb/vortraege/mzoellner/ vigenere.jpghttp://www-ivs.cs.uni- magdeburg.de/bs/lehre/wise0102/progb/vortraege/mzoellner/ vigenere.jpg

6. An AT&T Bell Labs engineer (1890-1960). Credited for creating the stream cipher and the Vernam cipher for telecommunications. Also co- created the one-time pad cipher with Joseph Mauborgne. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Gilbert_Vernam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Gilbert_Vernam Photo from: http://www.aldebaran.cz/bulletin/2005_14/vernam.jpg http://www.aldebaran.cz/bulletin/2005_14/vernam.jpg

7. Major General of the US Army (1881-1971). Co-created the one-time pad cipher with Gilbert Vernam. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Joseph_Mauborgne http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Joseph_Mauborgne Photo from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg/180px- Joseph_Mauborgne.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg/180px- Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg

8. Created the Hill Cipher in 1929. Patented a machine for his cipher which is pictured on the left of this text. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Hill_cipher http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Hill_cipher Photo from: http://www.und.nodak.edu/org/crypto/crypto/.hill4.htmlhttp://www.und.nodak.edu/org/crypto/crypto/.hill4.html

9. Co-published the exponentiation cipher with Martin Hellman. It is said that the algorithm was first discovered by Roland Silver, but Pohlig and Martin published their independent research first. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlig- Hellman_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlig- Hellman_algorithm

10. Previous Stanford professor (born 1945). Co-created/published the exponentiation cipher, the Knapsack cipher, and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange system. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Martin_Hellman http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Martin_Hellman Photo from: http:// cs-exhibitions.uni- klu.ac.at/uploads/pics/Martin-Hellman.jpghttp:// cs-exhibitions.uni- klu.ac.at/uploads/pics/Martin-Hellman.jpg

11. Engineer and Mathematician that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency) (1924-1997). Co-created what is now known as the public-key cryptosystem with Clifford Cocks and Michael Williamson. Although these gentlemen created the public-key cryptosystem in addition to many other cryptosystems and key generators first, they were forced to keep the information classified. It was not announced/published until after Ellis died in 1997. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Ellishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Ellis

12. Mathematician and cryptographer that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency) (born December 28, 1950). Co-created the public-key cryptosystem with James H. Ellis and Malcolm Williamson. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clif ford_Cocks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clif ford_Cocks Photo from : http://www.simonsingh.net/images/610.jpg http://www.simonsingh.net/images/610.jpg

13. Mathematician that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency). Co-created the public-key cryptosystem with James H. Ellis and Clifford Cocks. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Malcolm_Williamson_(crypto grapher) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Malcolm_Williamson_(crypto grapher) Photo from: http://www.livinginternet.com/g/williamson_malcolm1.JPG http://www.livinginternet.com/g/williamson_malcolm1.JPG

14. Professor at Georgia Tech. University (born February 2, 1952). Co-creator of the Knapsack cipher along with Martin Hellman. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Ralph_Merkle http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Ralph_Merkle Photo from: http://www.nndb.com/people/410/000028326/ralph-c- merkle.jpghttp://www.nndb.com/people/410/000028326/ralph-c- merkle.jpg

15. Professor at MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology (born 1947) Co-created the RSA cryptosystem along with Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Ronald_Rivest http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Ronald_Rivest Photo from: http://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpghttp://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpg

16. Cryptographer and cryptanalyst (born July 6, 1952). Co-created the RSA cryptosystem along with Ronald Rivest and Leonard Adleman. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Adi_Shamir http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Adi_Shamir Photo from: http://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpghttp://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpg

17. Professor at the University of Southern California and a theoretical computer scientist (born December 31, 1945). Co-creator of the RSA cryptosystem along with Ronald Rivest and Adi Shamir. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Leonard_Adleman http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Leonard_Adleman Photo from: http://infosecurity.us/images/professor_len_adleman.jpg http://infosecurity.us/images/professor_len_adleman.jpg

18. Professor at Harvard University and Hebrew University (born September 1, 1931). Creator of the Rabin system and various other cryptosystems. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Michael_Rabin http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Michael_Rabin Photo from: http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/04.26/photos/06-rabin-450.jpghttp://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/04.26/photos/06-rabin-450.jpg

19. Chief Security Officer and Vice President of Sun Microsystems Laboratories(born June 5, 1944). Co-creator of the Diffie- Hellman Key Exchange System along with Martin Hellman. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Whitfield_Diffie http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Whitfield_Diffie Photo from: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/164/384100611_05768d08a7_o.jpghttp://farm1.static.flickr.com/164/384100611_05768d08a7_o.jpg

20. Retired professor (born 1934). Co-created the Massey- Omura Cryptosystem along with Jim K. Omura. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/James_Massey http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/James_Massey Photo from: http://www.win.tue.nl/math/eidma/courses/minicourses/massey/Massey1.jpghttp://www.win.tue.nl/math/eidma/courses/minicourses/massey/Massey1.jpg

21. Technology strategist and security advisor. Co-created the Massey- Omura Cryptosystem along with James Massey. Source: http://www.ieee.org/portal /pages/about/awards/bios/ 2005bell.html http://www.ieee.org/portal /pages/about/awards/bios/ 2005bell.html Photo from: http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/about/awards/bios/2005Bell.jpghttp://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/about/awards/bios/2005Bell.jpg

22. Chief technical officer and Co-Chair of the Board of Directors at Securify (born August 18, 1955). Creator of the Elgamal cryptosystem. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Taher_Elgamal http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Taher_Elgamal Photo from: http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/april2006/internet13.jpghttp://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/april2006/internet13.jpg