1. 1. Regulating capitalism: The Progressive Era, 1901-1914 2. Creating a safety net: The New Deal, 1933-1938 3. A more equal nation: The Great Society, 1964- 1968 Age of Reaction: 1980-2008 4. A fourth age of reform?

2. The GI Bill, 1944-1955 4,300,000 home loans to veterans (worth 33 billion dollars) 8 million veterans went back to school with a GI bill scholarship 14.5 billion dollars in federal money going to the nation’s schools and colleges 50 billion in direct or indirect subsidies to the American people 1/3 of the population received some sort of benefit from the GI Bill

3. FDR’s Four Freedoms speech, via Norman Rockwell, January 6, 1941

4. The Yalta Conference, 1945 In exchange the U.S.S.R. will declare war on Japan and hold free elections in Poland. The U.S.S.R. will get three votes in the United Nations General Assembly

5. 1939: Einstein and Szilard warn Roosevelt about Nazi research on Atomic weapons

6. August 6 and 9, 1945: Atomic weapons used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Concerns about the Bomb: Teller: Demonstrate the Bomb first. Eisenhower: Bomb a bad precedent. Office of Strategic Bombing: Japan would surrender even without using the Bomb.

7. Nuclear weapons plans (1946) Acheson-Lilienthal Plan: –UN would control atomic energy –And stockpile weapons until UN plan set up Baruch Plan: –International agency would inspect countries to prevent production of nuclear weapons –Countries that did not have nuclear weapons could not develop them –Agency’s decisions would be immune to veto power from UN Security Council or General Assembly Marshall Islands Bikini Atoll tests of 1940s; 23 nuclear devices were exploded in the area.

8. The Truman Doctrine (1947) Massive military aid to all governments fighting communism 400 million dollars in military aid for Greece and Turkey

9. George Kennan’s “containment” thesis, 1946 Stalin opposes west in to justify his dictatorship Soviet Union must be “contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce at a series of constantly shifting geographical points... ” U.S. must show that it has a better system for prosperity

10. Walter Lippmann: “The Cold War” (1947) “Containment” basically puts the strategic ball in the Soviet Union’s court It will force the U.S. to place all its resources against Russia U.S. should focus on Russia’s presence in Eastern Europe, not the whole world

11. The Marshall Plan, 1947 Massive aid to Europe to strengthen European consumer markets; reduce influence of Communism “... the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.” 1946-1952: U.S. exports to Europe jump from 9.5 to 15 billion dollars 1960: U.S. corporations have 32 billion dollars invested in Europe

12. Breton-Woods conference, 1944 The World Bank –Purpose: to lend money to developing nations for projects that would return investments to the First World The International Monetary Fund –Purpose: Oversee international currency and exchange systems

13. The Berlin Airlift, 1948-49 U.S. flies supplies to Berlin in defiance of Soviet blockade West Germany declares itself parliamentary democracy. Soviets set up German Democratic Republic in the east. North Atlantic Treaty Organization established in 1949: ten nations establish mutual aid pact Communist East

14. NSC-68 (National Security Council document # 68), 1950 U.S. and the Soviet Union locked in struggle for world power Soviets want world domination Conflict between the superpowers “endemic”... like a disease, inherent Soviets can only be stopped by military buildup Soviet people only support the communists out of fear; once the U.S. shows strength, the Russian people will overthrow communism

15. Syngman Rhee of South Korea Kim Il Sung of North Korea

16. The Yalu River from aerial View U.S. retreat from the Yalu River, 1950 Korean War, 1950-1953