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Geometry
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A + B + C = 180 B A C A B
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Pythagoras a2 + b2 = c2 a2 c2 b2 b a b a a a c b c b c b c a a b
+ + 90 = 180
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A = 2∙B x B y 180 -2x 180 -2y x A y B = x + y
A = 360–(180–2x)–(180–2y) = 2x + 2y = 2B [Angle at the Center Theorem]
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A = 2∙B x y B 360–(180–2y) 180–2x x A y B = x – y
A = 360–(180–2x)–(180+2y) = 2x – 2y = 2B [Angle at the Center Theorem]
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A = B = C B x A x 2x C x
Opgave 2 Tegn en cirkel med radius 7 cm. Tegn en korde. Tegn to punkter A og B på cirklen på samme side af korden. Tegn trekanten med hjørne A og korden som en side. Mål vinklen A. Tegn trekanten med hjørne B og korden som en side. Mål vinklen B. C x [Angles Subtended by Same Arc Theorem]
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A = 90 A 90 180 Opgave 1 Tegn en cirkel med radius 7 cm. Tegn diameteren. Tegn et punkt A på cirklen. Tegn trekanten med hjørne A og diameteren som en side. Mål vinklen A.
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A + B = 180 A 2B 2A B 2A + 2B = 360 [Cyclic Quadrilateral]
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Sums
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1 + 2 + ∙∙∙ + n = n2/2 + n/2 = n(n + 1)/2
3 4 ∙∙∙ n ∙∙∙ + n = n2/2 + n/2 = n(n + 1)/2
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Σ Σ Σ Σ 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + ∙∙∙ + 2k = 2k+1 - 1 αi = for α 1
7 15 31 20 21 22 23 24 induction step 2k 2k - 1 2 ∙ 2k - 1 = 2k+1 - 1 Σ k i = 0 αk+1 – 1 α – 1 αi = for α 1 Σ Σ Σ k i = 0 k+1 i = 1 k i = 0 (α – 1)∙ αi = αi – αi = αk+1 – 1
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Σ Σ Σ Σ Σ (k – i) ∙ 2i = 2k+1 – 2 – k ∙ 2k = 2k = i∙2k–i i 2i = + 1 2
# nodes = ∙∙∙ + 2k = 2k+1 – 1 # edges = # nodes – 1 = 2k+1 – 2 (k – i)∙2i = # edges – k = 2k+1 – 2 – k Σ k i = 0 (k – i) ∙ 2i = 2k+1 – 2 – k Σ k i = 0 Σ i 2i k i = 0 Σ k i = 0 ∙ 2k = 2k = i∙2k–i Σ k i = 0 i 2i = + 1 2 3 4 + ∙∙∙ + k = 2 – 2+k 8 16 2k 1 k k-1 ... i 2i nodes k-i edges
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Σ Σ Σ Σ = n(n+1)(2n+1) 6 i2 Proof by induction : n = 1 : i2 = 1 =
n > 1 : i2 = n i2 = n2 + = = Σ 1 i = 1 1(1+1)(2·1+1) 6 Σ n i = 1 Σ n-1 i = 1 (n-1)((n-1)+1)(2(n-1)+1) 6 2n3+3n2+n 6 n(n+1)(2n+1) 6
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∫ Σ n-th Harmonic number Hn = 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 +∙∙∙+ 1/n = 1/i Hn – 1
1/x dx = [ ln x ] = ln n – ln 1 = ln n Hn – 1/n ln n + 1/n Hn ln n + 1 1/n n 1 2 3 4 5 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/n
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Approximations
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ln (1 + ) 1 + e (1 + ) 1/ e (1 + 1/x) x e
for 0 and x large ”” is actually ”” x ln x 1 1+ x 1 x ln x =
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n∙ln n – n + 1 ln n! n∙ln n – n + 1 + ln n
∫ n 1 Σ n-1 i = 1 n 1 ln n! – ln n = ln i ln x dx = [ x∙ln x – x] Σ n i = 1 = n∙ln n – n + 1 ln i = ln n! n∙ln n – n + 1 ln n! n∙ln n – n ln n ln n ln x ln 4 ln 2 1 2 3 4 5 n [Stirling’s Approximation]
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Primes
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(n) = |{ p | p prime and 2 p n }| = Θ(n/log n)
Prime Number Theorem Tchebycheff 1850 (n) = |{ p | p prime and 2 p n }| = Θ(n/log n) Upper Bound All primes p, n < p 2n, divide From we have (2n)-(n) 2n/log n, implying Lower Bound Consider prime power pm dividing Since pi divides between n/pi and n/pi factors in both denominator and numerator, we have m bounded by , implying (30) = 10
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Sums not restricted to primes
Series for Primes Sums not restricted to primes
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Master theorem Pick’s theorem Euler’s formula: E=O(V) for connected graphs
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