1. THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Presenter: Miss T. Johnson Grade:8

2. THE EARLY YEARS

3. The Abacus The first counting device Has no definite inventor but it’s creation was largely influenced by the Chinese and Romans Based on a place-value system where the place of a bead or rock determined how much it was worth

4. The Abacus

5. The Pascaline Created by French mathematician and philosopher, Blaise Pascal Was the first mechanical digital calculator Could perform only addition and subtraction on whole numbers

6. The Pascaline

7. The Stepped Reckoner A mechanical calculator Created by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in 1673 Creation was inspired by the Pascaline Performed all four arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, division and multiplication)

8. The Stepped Reckoner

9. Jacquard’s Loom Created by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801 Used punched cards –Punched card: a card in which holes are punched in designated positions to represent data — called also Hollerith card View in action

10. Jacquard’s Loom

11. Charles Babbage Called the “father of the computer” Designed two machines: the 1.Difference Engine –Designed to be steam powered and fully automatic 2.Analytical Engine Was not able to build his machines as the technology was not yet available

12. Charles Babbage Difference Engine Analytical Engine

13. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Invented by Dr. Herman Hollerith Used punched cards Was used to compile data for the US census of 1980

14. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

15. Summary – History of Computers InventionInventor AbacusCreation influenced by ancient civilization (Chinese, Romans, Egyptians and others). PascalineBlaise Pascal Jacquard’s LoomJoseph Marie Jacquard Tabulating machineHerman Hollerith Analytical Engine Difference Engine Charles Babbage Adapted from History of Computers presentation by Miss Hall and Mrs. Batchelor (2014)

16. GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTER

17. Generations of the Computer Classified into five categories Characterized by the type of electrical component/technology used to build the computer

18. First Generation Time periodSizeTechnology 1945-1956Very largeVacuum tube Caused computers to:  Be unreliable (vacuum tubes would blow out quickly – similar to a light bulb)  Generate a lot of heat  Need cooling systems  Consume a lot of electricity  Be very costly

19. First Generation ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) Fact: The ENIAC used 17, 468 vacuum tubes

20. Second Generation Time periodSizeTechnology 1956-1963Large ; smaller than first generation Transistor Compared to first generation computers they:  Were more reliable  Used less energy  Generated less heat  Were faster

21. Second Generation IBM 7094

22. Third Generation Time periodSizeTechnology 1964-1970smaller than second generation integrated circuit (IC) or chip Compared to second generation computers they were:  Very cheap  More reliable

23. Third Generation IBM 370

24. Fourth Generation Time periodSizeTechnology 1971-present Small Portable integrated circuit (IC) or chip Millions of components placed on a chip

25. Fourth Generation

26. Fifth Generation Any ideas???

27. Fifth Generation Artificial intelligence – computers mimicking human beings –Greater development of: Robotics Voice recognition

28. Summary – Generations of Computers First Generation (1945-1956) Second Generation (1956-1963) Third Generation (1964-1970) Fourth Generation (1971- present) Vacuum TubesTransistorsIntegrated CircuitsMicroprocessors Big and Clumsy High electricity consumption Larger AC units were needed Lot of electricity failure occurred. Smaller transistors were used Core memory was developed. Faster than first generation computers Integrated circuits developed Power consumption was low. 100 times faster than the second generation Development of portable computers Floppy disks, optical disks then flash memory became the popular storage media Adapted from History of Computers presentation by Miss Hall and Mrs. Batchelor (2014)

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