1. AULAS 7 e 8 - PASSIVE VOICE

2. PASSIVE VOICE A) Use of Passive Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen. In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

3. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Example: A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

4. B) Form of Passive Subject + to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)irregular verbs Example: A letter was written. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence. subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left out)

5. Active:Peterbuildsa house. Passive:A houseis builtby Peter. EXAMPLES

6. ActivePeterbuildsa house. Simple Present Passive:A houseis builtby Peter. SIMPLE PRESENT

7. Active:Peterbuilta house. Simple Past Passive:A housewas builtby Peter. SIMPLE PAST

8. Active:Peterhas builta house. Perfect Passive:A househas been builtby Peter. PRESENT PERFECT

9. Active:Peterwill builda house. will-future Passive:A housewill be builtby Peter. SIMPLE FUTURE

10. Active:Petercan builda house. Modals Passive:A housecan be builtby Peter. MODAL VERBS

11. C) Active sentences with two objects in passive When there are two objects in an active sentence, there are two possible active sentences and two possible passive sentences. possibility 1: The professor explained the students the exercise. possibility 2: The professor explained the exercise to the students. There are two objects in each of the following sentences: object 1 = indirect object: the students object 2 = direct object: the exercise An indirect object is very often a person, a direct object a thing. When a direct object is followed by an indirect one, we put to in front of the indirect object.

12. active sentence - possibility 1 subjectverbindirect objectdirect object The professorexplainedthe studentsthe exercise. active sentence - possibility 2 subjectverbdirect objectindirect object The professorexplainedthe exerciseto the students.

13. Each of the objects (direct and indirect) can be the subject in the passive sentence. passive sentence - possibility 1 subjectverbobject(by-agent) The students were explained the exercise.(by the professor). passive sentence - possibility 2 subjectverbobject(by-agent) The exercisewas explainedto the students(by the professor

14. D) Verbs with prepositions in passive When we put an active sentence, where a preposition follows after the verb (e.g. break into, look after), into passive - the preposition remains immediately after the verb. Active sentencePassive sentence Someone broke into the pet shop.The pet shop was broken into.

15. E) Personal and Impersonal Passive Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive. Active sentencePassive sentence They build houses. Houses are built.

16. Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive. Example: he says – it is said

17. Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages like German. In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know). Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer than men. Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common. Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than men.