1. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff The measures and pressures for reducing environmental effects of shippers’ goods transports Catrin Lammgård Logistics and Transport Research Group, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University, Sweden

2. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff

3. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Drivers of environmentalism: - Stakeholder theory (Freeman 1984) - Stakeholder theory on environmentalism: e.g. Banerjee et al (2003) -Sustainable supply chain: Young and Kielkiewicz- Young (2001) EMS: e.g. Hibbitt and Kamp-Roelands (2002), Morrow and Rondinelli (2002) Logistics and environmentalism: Wu and Dunn (1994) Theory

4. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Purpose to reveal the progress of environmental measures and pressures for reducing the environmental effects of goods transports among Swedish manufacturing and wholesale trade companies, the shippers.

5. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Environmental Management and Marketing theory Environmental differentiation as basis for competitive strategy (Roy and Vézina 2001) Green marketing: an umbrella term for a range of concepts e.g. green, ecological, environmental and sustainable marketing. (Crane 2000). Sustainable marketing, Sheth and Parvatiyar (1995), Fuller (1999). 4 efforts: 1) promoting re-consumption, 2) redirecting customer needs and wants, 3) reorienting the marketing mix and 4) reorganising organizational efforts Reinhardt 1999: e.g. product differentiation.

6. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Survey (with Bernt Saxin & Jonas Flodén, 2004) 1154 local units received survey in Sweden Manufacturing and wholesale companies Respondents: persons responsible for purchasing goods transports in companies, normally logistics managers Telephone-initiated: –Personal contact –Increased reliability and response rate

7. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Sampling Original frame: the Statistics Sweden’s Business Register Random, stratified sample with 1.800 local units out of the total of 13.325 After an initial correction : 1693 local units Double sampling process: (1) the share in our target population? Contacting by telephone to determine whether they had transports exceeding 150 kilometres or not (2) a random stratified sample from the sample was made and the selected units were to be contacted and asked to answer our survey, divided on strata based on size E.g. the large-sized companies included all existing in Sweden

8. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Strata (Groups) Employees: Manufacturing: Large≥400 Medium100-399 Small10-99 Wholesale: Large ≥100 Medium20-99 Small5-19

9. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Response rate divided on strata

10. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Outline results Implemented measures Internal pressures Effects of CEP on transports Importance and possibilities to implement measures Internal and external pressures affecting choice of transport mode

11. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Background - results -goods volumes sent: total 40.9 million tonne equivalent weight -97 % of the tonnage was attributable to local units with at least 100 employees (the large companies along with the medium-sized manufacturing companies). - half of these transport flows were within Sweden.

12. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Implemented measures

13. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff

14. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Internal pressures: CEP and EMS

15. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Environmental policy Some examples: -90-95% of the largest companies along & the middle-sized manufacturing companies have introduced or are in the process of introducing an environmental policy. -Less than half of the small- and middle-sized wholesale companies have and environmental policy -About half of the smaller manufacturing companies has one, but many more are in the process of introducing one (another 30%)

16. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Environmental Mangement Systems (EMS) Some exemples: -ISO14001 is the most common -87-91% of the large and middle-sized manufacturing companies have / or in the process of introducing one: a lower share for the large wholesale companies (77%) -About 40% of the small and middle-sized whollsale companies have one / or in the process of introducing one -About half of the small manufacturing companies (53%) have one/ or in the process of introducing one

17. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Effects of CEP on transports

18. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Importance and possibilities to implement measures 1) to rank the importance of different items related to different measures to diminish the environmental impact of the goods transports 2) to rank the possibilities of implementation of the different items related to these measures On a seven-degree semantic differential scale (1-7) where: 1 = very low importance / possibilities for implementation and 7= equalled very high importance / possibilities for implementation

19. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff

20. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Gap-analysis between the importance and possibilities to implement measures

21. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Internal and external pressures affecting choice of transport mode

22. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Conclusions Large manufacturing companies in the lead The most commonly implemented measures were regarded as the least important Largest gap in Modal choice Mainly internal demands affecting transport mode Awareness of emissions of carbon dioxide

23. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff catrin.lammgard@handels.gu.se Tfn. +46 31 773 5466 Contact

24. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Banerjee, Subhabrata Bobby, Easwar S Iyer, and Rajiv K Kashyap (2003), "Corporate environmentalism: antecedents and influence of industry type," Journal of Marketing, 67 (April). Freeman, R Edward (1984), Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Boston; London: Pitman. Hibbitt, Chris and Nancy Kamp-Roelands (2002), "Europe´s (mild) greening of corporate environmental management," Corporate Environmental Strategy, 9 (2). Morrow, David and Dennis Rondinelli (2002), "Adopting Corporate Environmental Management Systems:: Motivations and Results of ISO 14001 and EMAS Certification," European Management Journal, 20 (2), 159-71. Wu, Haw-Jan and Steven C. Dunn (1995), "Environmentally responsible logistics systems," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 25 (2), 20-38. Young, Alex and Aleksandra Kielkiewicz-Young (2001), "Sustainable Supply Network Management," Corporate Environmental Strategy, 8 (3). References

25. Catrin Lammgård GIN 2006, Cardiff Sample and response rate (Lammgård, Saxin & Flodén, 2004)