1. Using the Minimum Standards in Food Aid & Food Security 3.2

2. Food Security, Nutrition, and Food Aid : Why One Chapter? n Big Topic overall n Food logistics and nutrition/health departments in NGOs are often separate n But, the components are so intertwined, they must be considered together and NUTRITION FOOD AID and FOOD SECURITY

3. Food Security, Nutrition and Food Aid Nutrition Assessment & Analysis Food Security Assessment & Analysis NutritionFood SecurityFood Aid General support Correction of malnutrition Food aid planning Food aid management General food security Primary production Income & Employment Food handling Supply chain management Distribution Ration planning Appropriate & Acceptable Quality & Safety Moderate Severe Micronutrient All groups At-risk groups Access to markets See page  106

4. Food Security and Food Aid is about... n n Markets n n Logistics n n Livelihood/Employment n n Displacement n n Large Populations n n Rations: Dry food n n Warehouses n n Distribution FAO photo

5. Assessment and analysis standard 1: food security Where people are at risk of food insecurity, programme decisions are based on a demonstrated understanding of how they normally access food, the impact of the disaster on current and future food security, and hence the most appropriate response. What does this mean in practice? (  please see page 111 of the 2004 Edition)

6. Food security standard 1: general food security “People have access to adequate and appropriate food and non-food items in a manner that ensures their survival, prevents erosion of assets and upholds their dignity.” How does your organization typically design food responses to disaster? (  please see page 120 of the 2004 Edition)

7. Food security standard 2: primary production “Primary production mechanisms are protected and supported.” Q. How could you measure this standard? (  please see page 124 of the 2004 Edition)

8. Food security standard 3: income and employment “Where income generation and employment are feasible livelihood strategies, people have access to appropriate income-earning opportunities, which generate fair remuneration and contribute towards food security without jeopardizing the resources on which livelihoods are based.” Q. Can this standard be met? How? (  please see page 128 of the 2004 Edition)

9. Food security standard 4: access to markets “People’s safe access to market goods and services as producers, consumers and traders is protected and promoted.” Q. In what situations can this be difficult to achieve? What can be done in such circumstances? (  please see page 131 of the 2004 Edition)

10. FOOD SECURITY NUTRITION FOOD AID Pages 119 - 134 Pages 135 - 153Pages 155 - 171 FOOD AID STANDARDS AND INDICATORS…..

11. Food aid planning standard 1: ration planning “Rations for general food distributions are designed to bridge the gap between the affected population’s requirements and their own food resources.” (  please see page 157 of the 2004 Edition) AP photo – Afghanistan food distribution

12. Food aid planning standard 2: appropriateness and acceptability (  please see page 158 of the 2004 Edition) “The food items provided are appropriate and acceptable to recipients and can be used efficiently at the household level.” Military style MREs (Meals Ready to Eat)

13. Food aid planning standard 3: food quality and safety (  please see page 160 of the 2004 Edition) “Food distributed is of appropriate quality and fit for human consumption.” How would you measure this standard objectively?

14. Food aid management standard 1: food handling (  please see page 163 of the 2004 Edition) “Food is stored, prepared and consumed in a safe and appropriate manner at both household and community levels.” Refugees International photo

15. Food aid management standard 2: supply chain management (  please see page 165 of the 2004 Edition) “Food aid resources (commodities and support funds) are well managed, using transparent and responsive systems.” WFP photo

16. Food aid management standard 3: distribution (  please see page 168 of the 2004 Edition) “The method of food distribution is responsive, transparent, equitable and appropriate to local conditions.” WFP photo How would you measure this standard objectively?

17. RATION PLANNING QUICK EXERCISE Calculate This! How much food does one person need (on average) for three months using the Sphere indicators for food aid. Assume that the person will receive corn, beans, and oil distributed as an emergency response and based on assumption that there is no other access to food for a period of one month.

18. Assume 2100 kcals/person/day = ( 2100) 11% of total energy provided by protein = ( 230) 17% of total energy provided by oil = ( 360) rest of total energy provided by cereal = ( 1510) Food TypeKcal/g protein/g fat/g Maize3.50.10.04 Beans3.35.20.012 Vegetable oil8.850.01.00 First, find out how much of what foods are needed for a daily ration See page 138 !

19. Food TypeKcal/g protein/g fat/ggrams fat (g) protein (g) Maize3.50.10.04 Beans3.35.20.012 Vegetable oil8.850.01.00 TOTALS Energy from fat @ 9 kcal/g Energy from protein @ 4 kcal/g Energy from carbs @ 4 kcal/g About 1510 About 360 About 230 360/9 = 40 40 0 230/4 = 60 +/-.6x1.2 = 0.72.6x20 = 12 Guess 450 4.5x4 = 18 4.5x10 = 45 550g58.72g57g 528 kcal 228 kcal Total kcal/ ration 1575 kcal 201 kcal 354 kcal 2130 kcal X HELP! I NEED A SPREADSHEET!

21. Next, calculate the weight of the basic food ration X the number of people X the number of days. 49.5 kg of food for one person for 3 months!

22. 36 kg of corn 2.3 kg of oil 5.4 kg of pulses 1.4 kg of sugar 4.5 kg of CSB One person for 3 months 2.3 kg oil 5.4 kg beans 36 kg corn

23. OK, based on this. How much food of this type must you move to the community if there are 20,000 people in need for 3 months?

24. 20.000 persons for 3 months n 720 MTs of corn n 45 MTs of oil n 108 MTs of pulses n 27 MTs of sugar n 90 MTs of CSB 990 MTS }

25. So,… how many trucks do need to move this food?

26. MT to move… 990 MT over 90 days Context - difficult roads, 300 k, max 10 T trucks available Trucks can make 150 k/day Turnaround Time = (300kX 2) / (150k/d) =4 days + 1 loading = 5 days ………..+ 20% “down time”= 6 days Possible trips/truck/90 days = 90/6= 15 trips/truck /90 days Number of loads = 990MT / 9 MT = 110 loads …..assuming 90% load factor for the 10 MT trucks Number of Trucks Needed = 110 loads/ 15 trips = 7.33 Trucks!... So I order 8 trucks to meet the requirement + 1 on standby/rotation for maintanenance = 9 trucks (10MT)in my fleet.

27. Transport of 990 MTs… 124 truckloads if medium-sized ( 8T) trucks are needed n 25 truckloads (if 40 MT articulated trucks are available and have access)

28. Or 9,900 donkey loads if access by trucks is impossible

29. Storage SPHERE Rations for 20.000 for 3 months +1440 cu m for 720 MTs of corn + 90 cu m for for 45 MTs of veg oil + 216 cu m for 108 MTs of pulses + 216 cu m for 90 MTs of CSB + 54 cu m for 27 MTs of sugar = 2,016 cu m Option: Rubb-Hall? (Can hold 4,200 MTs of Food)

30. CONCLUSION: The Sphere food chapter sections on FOOD SECURITY and FOOD AID are primarily about running food programmes in a responsible way. Responsibility is both to those receiving as well as those donating food, money, and other resources to the program.