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C. Reimann, U. Siewers, T. Tarvainen, L. Bityukova, J. Erikson, A. Gilucis, V. Gregorauskiene, V. Lukashev, N. Matinian & A. Pasieczna The Baltic Soil Survey
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Baltic Soil Survey
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COUNTRYORGANISATION COORDINATOR 1 BelarusAcademy of Sciences V. Lukashev (†) 2 EstoniaAcademy of SciencesL. Bityukova 3 FinlandGeological SurveyT. Tarvainen 4 GermanyGeological SurveyU. Siewers 5 LatviaGeological SurveyA. Gilucis 6 LithuaniaGeological SurveyV. Gregorauskiene 7 NorwayGeological SurveyC. Reimann 8 PolandGeological SurveyA. Pasieczna 9 RussiaUniversity InstituteN. Matinian 10 SwedenUniversity InstituteJ. Eriksson
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Baltic Soil Survey PROJECT ORGANISATION: NGU: - organisation of sampling, distribution of field equipment, sampling instructions - sample preparation - ammonium acetate. extraction, ICP-AES- + pH-, org.C-analyses - quality control of all results BGR: - XRF-analyses of all samples GTK:- aqua regia extraction, ICP-AES-analyses - HF-digestion, ICP-MS-analyses OTHER ORGANISATIONS: sampling in their country
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Baltic Soil Survey WHY AGRICULTURAL SOIL? It is difficult to find a “comparable” sample material that can be collected over such a large area. Agricultural soils are “comparable” at least in relation to land-use. All samples were taken from ploughed fields. Agricultural soils provide a direct link to the food-chain: over 100 million people live of the agricultural soils in the project area. Access and sampling is easy and fast.
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Baltic Soil Survey PROJECT AIM: create a comparable database of the chemical composition of AGRICULTURAL SOILS in Northern Europe SIZE OF AREA:ca. 1.8 mill. km 2 SAMPLE DENSITY: 1 site/ 2500 km 2 NUMBER OF SAMPLES:TOP:774 BOTTOM:773
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Baltic Soil Survey Sample medium: AGRICULTURAL SOIL 2 layers: TOP: 0-25 cm (or max. ploughing depth) BOTTOM: 50-75 cm (well below ploughed layer) Large composite samples: 10 - 15 kg each air dried sieved to < 2 mm
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Baltic Soil Survey
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ANALYTICAL PROGRAM (62 elements + pH and LOI):
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Baltic Soil Survey Quality control: laboratories are accredited – no further control necessary? Project QC: standard + duplicates: 1/20 samples.
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Baltic Soil Survey MANY PROCESSES CAN INFLUENCE THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS, e.g.: TOWARDS DEPLETION IN THE TOP-LAYER: - - Plant uptake and removal of elements via harvesting - - Leaching of elements from TOP to BOTTOM - - Weathering rates of different minerals - - Lessivation TOWARDS ENRICHMENT IN THE TOP-LAYER: - - Element addition via fertilisers - - Element addition via the atmosphere (e.g., pollution) - - Strong organic binding - - Bio-accumulation - - Upwards movement of elements
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GEOLOGY main domains: - European Platform - Precambrian basement - Caledonides
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TOPOGRAPHY
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TRAFFIC DENSITY
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PRECIPITATION
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SNOW COVER
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AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
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Baltic Soil Survey Differences in the median concentrations between countries can cover an order of magnitude
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Baltic Soil Survey Most elements show about a factor of 3 difference in the median concentrations between the countries. E.g., Cu-median Belarus: 5, Finland & Norway: 15 mg/kg
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Baltic Soil Survey Is mapping possible? With just one sample per 2500 km 2 ? With a lot of different processes influencing the regional distribution of elements? What will determine the regional distribution of the elements: - - Bedrock geology?- Pollution? - - Agriculture? - Climate? ???
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Baltic Soil Survey Si: reflects the regional distribution of Si the geological domains?
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MINERAL DEPOSITS
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Baltic Soil Survey As: regional scale “bulls-eye” anomaly in central Sweden – certainly not pollution.
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Baltic Soil Survey ARSENIC Was one of the first chemicals recognised to cause cancer – already 1879 … Evidence that natural As- concentrations in drinking water could cause skin cancer came in the 1930ies. In the 1990ies: an estimated 36 million people in the Bengal Delta are at risk from drinking ”clean” ground water.
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Baltic Soil Survey Do we detect regional scale pollution? Close to important smelters/metal industries, highways, towns? Via long range atmospheric transport? Through input from agriculture (e.g. via animal manure, herbicides, pesticides, fertilisers)? Are natural or anthropogenic element sources more important?
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Baltic Soil Survey
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Local Pollution, traffic and long range transport?
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Baltic Soil Survey
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Sn: is long range atmospheric transport causing the observed patterns? Not very likely!
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Baltic Soil Survey TOP- and BOTTOM- layer show very similar results for most elements
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Baltic Soil Survey Cd: pollution? Agriculture (Cd in many phosphates)? Long range transport? Traffic (Germany)?
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Baltic Soil Survey Cu: black shales (Russia), Polish Cu-industry invisible! Agriculture (Cu added to fertilisers).
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Baltic Soil Survey P: generally enriched in TOP-layer. Input via fertilisers? Or reflecting organic material?
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Baltic Soil Survey Phosphorus is strongly enriched in the TOP- layer. Enriched in the TOP layer are: S (4x), Cd, P, LOI, Se, Pb, Zn, Bi, Sb, Mn (1.2x)
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Baltic Soil Survey LOI: more organic material in the soils in the Nordic countries, esp. Finland. Less intensive agriculture, cold wet climate slows down decay of organic material.
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Baltic Soil Survey pH: on average more acidic soils in the Nordic countries. Related to more organic soils and not to acid rain.
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Baltic Soil Survey Se: precipitation (Bergen), fertiliser (West vs. East Germany, Finland), organic material (Finland), black shales (Russia)
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Baltic Soil Survey
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SELECTED RESULTS (1): - Maps for 43 elements + pH and LOI will be presented in an atlas (summer 2003). - Large, regional scale geochemical patterns emerge, caused by a variety of processes. - Major differences (up to a factor of 12) even for the median element concentration are found between the 10 countries. - Agricultural soils from the three Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden) show by far the highest concentrations for many elements.
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Baltic Soil Survey SELECTED RESULTS (2): - The highest values for many heavy metals occur over granitic terrains in Sweden. - TOP- and BOT-layer return for most elements very comparable results. - 9 elements and loss on ignition are generally enriched in the TOP-layer: - S (4x) >> Cd >> P > LOI = Se (1.8x) > Pb > Zn > Bi > Sb > Mn (1.2x)
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Baltic Soil Survey SELECTED RESULTS (3): - Climate and climate related factors appear to be more important than bedrock geology and/or agriculture for the observed regional distribution patterns of the elements: - - Weathering. - - Topography, incl. drainage conditions. - - Precipitation, incl. input of marine aerosols for a distance of up to 200 km from coast - - Vegetation and bio-productivity
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Baltic Soil Survey
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