1. Hamza Kashgari  "On your birthday, I will say that I have loved the rebel in you, that you've always been a source of inspiration to me, and that I do not like the halos of divinity around you. I shall not pray for you," Hamza Kashgari wrote in one tweet. "On your birthday, I find you wherever I turn. I will say that I have loved aspects of you, hated others, and could not understand many more," he wrote in a second. "On your birthday, I shall not bow to you. I shall not kiss your hand. Rather, I shall shake it as equals do, and smile at you as you smile at me. I shall speak to you as a friend, no more," he concluded in a third.

2. Chapter 9

3. “Commanding Heights”  Lenin…Government needed to control key economic sectors (the Commanding Heights) electricity generation, heavy manufacturing, mining, and transportation

4.  Agglomeration- Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage  Asian Tigers/Dragons-  Taiwan, S. Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore (NIC)  Backwash effect- Braindrain due to agglomeration  Big Mac Index- Tool for calculating purchasing power parity that compares Big Mac prices Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)- measurement tool calculating exchange rates so that each currency buys an equal amount of goods

8.  Classical Liberalism- emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the state. In its economic form, it advocates a respect for private property and free markets.  Comparative advantage- ability of a country to produce a good or offer a service better than another  Conglomerate Corporations Massive Corp. operating a collection of smaller companies that provide specific services  Deglomeration- Unclumping industries due to negative effects

9.  Development- Process of improving the material condition of people through the growth and diffusion of tech and knowledge  Development Gap Difference between MDC and LDC/Developing countries  Dependency theory Argues that political and econ relations among countries limit development of LDCs (Structuralist) ○ Vicious cycle of domination (Africa) ○ Interdependence not independence

10.  Economy System of production, consumption, and distribution  Export processing zones Also called Free trade zones Region in LDC that offers tax breaks/less restrictions to attract export driven business  Free trade Allowing outsourcing without regulation Except that of the market  Fair Trade Policies that favor regulation of business to ensure workers throughout the world are guaranteed a living wage

11.  Foreign Direct Investment Investment by a multinational corp. in a foreign economy  Footloose Industries Industry not bound by location  Friedrich Hayek Believer in Classical Liberalism  Ford Production method  Globalization Spread of activities from a home country to other parts of the world

12.  Gender Empowerment index/measure (GEM) Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic and political decision making  Gender related development index (GDI) Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes  Human Development Index (HDI) Created by the United Nations to recognize a country’s level of development as function of three factors: economic, social, and demographic factors

15.  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time (normally one year). Also known as GNI (Gross National Income).  May be “GDP per capita” Meaning per person (GDP/ Population)

18.  Public debt per capita

19.  High tech corridor (technopole) Tech agglomerate  Industrialization Growth of manufacturing activity in an economy or region ○ Usually occurs alongside a decrease in primary economic activities in a country  Primary economic activities Activities that revolve around getting raw materials from the earth  Inflation rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Each unit of currency is worth less…leads to erosion

21.  Informal sector Network of business transactions not reported… not included in GDP  International trade approach Method to improve a country’s development by emphasizing its unique strengths  International Monetary Fund (IMF) Designed to stabilize exchange rates and improve payments  World Bank Official goal to reduce poverty

22.  Liberal development theories Emphasize government regulation in business  Literacy rate  Locational interdependence Industries choose location based on competition  Spatially fixed vs. Spatially variable costs  Weight gaining/losing processes Process that takes raw materials and creates a heavier/lighter products  Market orientation Locating weight-gaining industries near the market for the heavier products Vs. Material orientation

23.  Modernization model W.W. Rostow (1950′s) stages of development ○ 1. “The traditional society,” ○ 2. “The preconditions for takeoff,” ○ 3. “The takeoff,” ○ 4. “The drive to maturity,” ○ 5. “The age of mass consumption.”

25.  Least cost theory Industries will locate based on the cheapest place to be Alfred Weber ○ 4 factors: transportation, labor, agglomeration, deglomeration  Less Developed Countries On the poorer side of the dev. Spectrum LDCs or Developing nations  More Developed Countries  Multiplier effect increase in some economic activity starts a chain reaction that generates more activity than the original increase  North-South Gap More MDCs in N. Hemisphere vs. more LDCs in S. Hemisphere

26.  Reparations A compensation for something that has occurred  Primary Sector Acquisition of raw materials  Secondary Sector Processing raw materials into a finished product  Tertiary Sector Moving, Selling, Trading products from Primary and Secondary Sectors  Quaternary Sector business services, such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling Quinary sector- Highest level of decision making Ex. Legislation or presidential cabinet

27.  Outsourcing MNC relocating parts or all factories to other countries  Pacific Rim Economic region Four Asian tigers plus China and Japan  Self-Sufficiency approach Build a country’s independence  Productivity Value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.  Privatization Selling of publicly operated industries to companies

28.  Special economic zones (see Export processing zones)  Structural Adjustment program Stipulations on a loan a country receives in order to get/ use the loan  Structuralist theories Cycle of dominance  Substitution principle Industries will move to lower labor costs while raising transportation costs  Sustainable development Balance between human development and the environment to support it

29.  Technopole  Multinational Corporation (MNC) Operating in more than one country AKA International Corporation Has a “Home” and “Hosts” Transnational Corporations (TNC) ○ Multiple “Homes”  Value Added Gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy.