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Published byDelphia Webster Modified over 9 years ago
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Alcohols, Acids, Esters R – OH R – COOH R – COOR1
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Functional Groups A group of atoms that give a characteristic set of properties to a molecule containing that group
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Chloro Functional Group
Cl
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Hydroxy Functional Group
OH
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Carboxy Functional Group
OH
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Alkyl Groups A fragment of an alkane that substitutes for a removed hydrogen atom
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First 10 Alkyl Groups (R) –CH3 methyl –CH2CH3 ethyl –(CH2)2CH3 propyl
–(CH2)3CH3 butyl –(CH2)4CH3 pentyl –(CH2)5CH hexyl –(CH2)6CH3 heptyl –(CH2)7CH3 octyl –(CH2)8CH3 nonyl –(CH2)9CH3 decyl
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First Four Chloroalkanes,
CH3Cl chloromethane CH3CH2Cl chloroethane CH3(CH2)2Cl –chloropropane CH3(CH2)3Cl – chlorobutane
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First Four Alcohols CH3OH methanol CH3CH2OH ethanol
CH3(CH2)2OH –propanol CH3(CH2)3OH –butanol
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First Four Carboxylic Ccids
HCOOH methanoic acid CH3COOH ethanoic acid CH3CH2COOH propanoic acid CH3(CH2)2COOH butanoic acid
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The Need for Systematic Names
To keep track of the many natural and synthetic organic chemicals Helps international communications of chemists Often “common” names do not relate to structure of the compound
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Construction of Systematic Names
The alkane or alkene chain Name and number of functional groups Position of functional groups on the carbon chain
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Isomers Molecules of the same molecular formula but have their atoms arranged in a different way Butane above and Butene and above have isomers Chloroalkanes for example have isomers above chloropropane – called structural isomers
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Isomers of C4H10 H H H H H C –– C –– C –– C H H H H H H H H C H H H
butane H H H H H H H C H H 2 – methyl – propane or methyl propane H C –– C –– C H H H H
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Isomers of Butene C4H8 H H H H H C –– C –– C == C H H H H H H H
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Isomers of Chloropropane
Cl H C –– C –– C H 1 – chloropropane H H H Cl H H H C –– C –– C H 2 - chloropropane H H H
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Isomers of Propanol H H OH H C –– C –– C H 1 – propanol H H H OH H H H
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The Role of Shape in Chemical Reactions
Different structures of isomers can result in different properties and reactions eg. Starch and Glucose which are made up of long chains of glucose molecules Starch - we can digest uses α – glucose Cellulose we cant cellulose β – glucose
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Glucose α – glucose β – glucose H H OH H C HO C HO C C HO HO C C H OH
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Substitution Reactions
When one of the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom is replaced by another atom or group of atoms Some examples follow
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Production of Chloroethane
sunlight CH3–CH3 (g) + Cl2(g) CH3–CH2–Cl (g) +HCl (g) One Cl atom replaces, (or substitutes) an H atom in the ethane molecule An example of a substitution reaction
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Production of Ethanol CH3–CH2–Cl (g) + OH– (aq) CH3–CH2–OH (aq) + Cl–(g) One OH group replaces, (or substitutes) an Cl atom in the chloroethane molecule. Sodium Hydroxide solution is used Another example of a substitution reaction
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Production of Ethanoic Acid (Vinegar)
Reaction with oxygen Natural reaction in air CH3CH2OH (aq) CH3COOH (aq) Reaction with an acidified catalyst Used in industrial applications O2(aq) MnO4–(aq) or Cr2O7 2–(aq) H+(aq)
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Esters A group of organic compounds responsible for some of the natural and synthetic flavours ./ smells. Produced by adding an alcohol and a carboxylic acid Example of a condensation reaction – a reaction where water is produced
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Preparation of Esters (Esterfication)
+ R’ – OH C + H2O R OH R O R’ R & R’ are hydrocarbon groups
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Preparation of Ethyl ethanoate
Commonly called Ethyl acetate Gently heat a mixture of ethanol and ethanoic acid with a trace of sulfuric acid CH3COOH (l) + CH3CH2OH(l) CH3COOCH2CH3 (l) + H2O (l) H2SO4(l) O O H H H2SO4 + H2O C C C + C CH3 CH3 OH HO CH3 CH3 O H H
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Preparation of Ethyl ethanoate
C + C CH3 OH HO CH3 H
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Preparation of Ethyl ethanoate
C + C CH3 O CH3 H H HO
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Preparation of Ethyl ethanoate
C + C CH3 O CH3 H H HO
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Preparation of Ethyl ethanoate
C C C + C CH3 CH3 OH HO CH3 CH3 O H H H2O
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Naming Esters First part of the name comes from the alcohol
Second part comes from the carboxylic acid Example Propanol added to Butanoic acid Gives Propyl Butanonoate
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Polyester A copolymer made from alcohol and carboxylic monomers
The alcohol has two hydroxy groups The acid has two carboxy groups The monomers join in a condensation reaction to form polyester chains Molecules held together with dispersion forces between molecules
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Production of PET (PolyEthylene Terephthalate
The most common polyester Made from Terephthalic acid Ethylene glycol
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Production of PET (PolyEthylene Terephthalate
HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH + HO – C C – OH Ethylene glycol Terephthalic acid
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Production of PET (PolyEthylene Terephthalate
HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH + HO – C C – OH Ethylene glycol Terephthalic acid O O O O – O – C C – O – CH2 – CH2 – O – C C – O – + H2O Polyethylene terephthalate
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