1. Alcohols, Acids, Esters
R – OH
R – COOH
R – COOR1

2. Functional Groups
A group of atoms that give a characteristic set of properties to a molecule containing that group

3. Chloro Functional GroupCl

4. Hydroxy Functional GroupOH

5. Carboxy Functional GroupOH

6. Alkyl Groups
A fragment of an alkane that substitutes for a removed hydrogen atom

7. First 10 Alkyl Groups (R) –CH3 methyl –CH2CH3 ethyl –(CH2)2CH3 propyl
–(CH2)3CH3 butyl
–(CH2)4CH3 pentyl
–(CH2)5CH hexyl
–(CH2)6CH3 heptyl
–(CH2)7CH3 octyl
–(CH2)8CH3 nonyl
–(CH2)9CH3 decyl

8. First Four Chloroalkanes,
CH3Cl chloromethane
CH3CH2Cl chloroethane
CH3(CH2)2Cl –chloropropane
CH3(CH2)3Cl – chlorobutane

9. First Four Alcohols CH3OH methanol CH3CH2OH ethanol
CH3(CH2)2OH –propanol
CH3(CH2)3OH –butanol

10. First Four Carboxylic Ccids
HCOOH methanoic acid
CH3COOH ethanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH propanoic acid
CH3(CH2)2COOH butanoic acid

11. The Need for Systematic Names
To keep track of the many natural and synthetic organic chemicals
Helps international communications of chemists
Often “common” names do not relate to structure of the compound

12. Construction of Systematic Names
The alkane or alkene chain
Name and number of functional groups
Position of functional groups on the carbon chain

13. Isomers
Molecules of the same molecular formula but have their atoms arranged in a different way
Butane above and Butene and above have isomers
Chloroalkanes for example have isomers above chloropropane – called structural isomers 

14. Isomers of C4H10 H H H H H C –– C –– C –– C H H H H H H H H C H H H
butane H H H H H H H C H H
2 – methyl – propane
or methyl propane H
C –– C –– C H H H H

15. Isomers of Butene C4H8 H H H H H C –– C –– C == C H H H H H H H

16. Isomers of ChloropropaneCl H
C –– C –– C H
1 – chloropropane H H H Cl H H H
C –– C –– C H
2 - chloropropane H H H

17. Isomers of Propanol H H OH H C –– C –– C H 1 – propanol H H H OH H H H

18. The Role of Shape in Chemical Reactions
Different structures of isomers can result in different properties and reactions
eg. Starch and Glucose which are made up of long chains of glucose molecules
Starch - we can digest uses α – glucose
Cellulose we cant cellulose β – glucose

19. Glucose α – glucose β – glucose H H OH H C HO C HO C C HO HO C C H OH

20. Substitution Reactions
When one of the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
Some examples follow

21. Production of Chloroethane
sunlight
CH3–CH3 (g) + Cl2(g)  CH3–CH2–Cl (g) +HCl (g)
One Cl atom replaces, (or substitutes) an H atom in the ethane molecule
An example of a substitution reaction

22. Production of Ethanol
CH3–CH2–Cl (g) + OH– (aq)  CH3–CH2–OH (aq) + Cl–(g)
One OH group replaces, (or substitutes) an Cl atom in the chloroethane molecule. Sodium Hydroxide solution is used
Another example of a substitution reaction

23. Production of Ethanoic Acid (Vinegar)
Reaction with oxygen
Natural reaction in air
CH3CH2OH (aq)  CH3COOH (aq)
Reaction with an acidified catalyst
Used in industrial applications
O2(aq)
MnO4–(aq) or Cr2O7 2–(aq)
H+(aq)

24. Esters
A group of organic compounds responsible for some of the natural and synthetic flavours ./ smells.
Produced by adding an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
Example of a condensation reaction – a reaction where water is produced

25. Preparation of Esters (Esterfication)+
R’ – OH C
+ H2O R OH R O R’
R & R’ are hydrocarbon groups

26. Preparation of Ethyl ethanoate
Commonly called Ethyl acetate
Gently heat a mixture of ethanol and ethanoic acid with a trace of sulfuric acid
CH3COOH (l) + CH3CH2OH(l)  CH3COOCH2CH3 (l) + H2O (l)
H2SO4(l) O O H H
H2SO4
+ H2O C C C + C
CH3
CH3 OH HO
CH3
CH3 O H H

27. Preparation of Ethyl ethanoateC + C
CH3 OH HO
CH3 H

28. Preparation of Ethyl ethanoateC + C
CH3 O
CH3 H H HO

29. Preparation of Ethyl ethanoateC + C
CH3 O
CH3 H H HO

30. Preparation of Ethyl ethanoateC C C + C
CH3
CH3 OH HO
CH3
CH3 O H H
H2O

31. Naming Esters First part of the name comes from the alcohol
Second part comes from the carboxylic acid
Example
Propanol added to Butanoic acid
Gives Propyl Butanonoate

32. Polyester A copolymer made from alcohol and carboxylic monomers
The alcohol has two hydroxy groups
The acid has two carboxy groups
The monomers join in a condensation reaction to form polyester chains
Molecules held together with dispersion forces between molecules

33. Production of PET (PolyEthylene Terephthalate
The most common polyester
Made from
Terephthalic acid
Ethylene glycol

34. Production of PET (PolyEthylene Terephthalate
HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH +
HO – C
C – OH
Ethylene glycol
Terephthalic acid

35. Production of PET (PolyEthylene Terephthalate
HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH +
HO – C
C – OH
Ethylene glycol
Terephthalic acid O O O O
– O – C
C – O
– CH2 – CH2 –
O – C
C – O –
+ H2O
Polyethylene terephthalate