1. © T. M. Whitmore Today Economic Development: Diversity Amid Globalization “Sectors” of an Economy Basic human Demography

2. © T. M. Whitmore Development = bettering of society or of a people (many definitions) Sustainable development Measures of development  Economic measuresEconomic measures  Non ‑ economic measures - $$ isn’t the best measure necessarilyNon ‑ economic measures Not linear or inevitable. Connections to colonialism and globalization.

3. © T. M. Whitmore Development and colonialismcolonialism Global integration has a long and ugly history. Particularly important was the control and settlement of overseas territories by European states over the past 500 years.

4. © T. M. Whitmore Effects of colonialism Removal and replacement of local power structures, institutions, economies and populations. Enduring connections to colonial powers – early globalization Global “underdevelopment”?underdevelopment

5. Globalization A process of global integrationintegration Underlying causes are primarily economic and technological Economic, demographic, social, cultural, political and environmental manifestations

6. © T. M. Whitmore Primary “Sector” of economiesSector Agriculture and raw material production (mining) Relatively slow growing economically World’s resources are very unevenly distributed

7. © T. M. Whitmore Secondary Sector of economiesSector Transformation of raw materials into manufactured goods; Formerly dominated the economy of richest nations, but no longer Greater growth potential than primary

8. © T. M. Whitmore Tertiary Sector of economiesSector Provision of services (burger flippers to college profs) Now largest sector in richest nations Good growth potential Quaternary Sector: A part of the tertiary sector involved in information processing; Very rapidly growing in richest nations

9. Demography Concepts I Population growth (usually %/yr)  Population growth = births – deaths (rate of natural increase)  +/- migration Exponential growth P 2 = P 1 * e (rt)  the “magic of compounding”  e = natural log  r = rate of growth/ yr  t = number of yrs

10. Mortality  Death rate: deaths per 1000 pop/yr  E o (life expectancy at birth) Demography Concepts II

11. Fertility (birth rate) – 2 measures  1: Births per thousand pop/yr  2: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (total children born/mother in her lifetime)  TFR = 2.1 => “replacement level fertility” no growth –parents just replace themselves Demography Concepts III

12. “Recent” population historyhistory Birth (fertility) and death (mortality) rates world widefertilityrates Annual increment in world population Annual increment Growth in Developed vs Developing (rich vs poor or Global North vs Global South) countriesDeveloped vs Developing Current state of global populationsglobal populations Current World Demography

13. © T. M. Whitmore Demographic Transition Model Idea from W European history Stages of change in mortality and fertility => growth over time Urbanization and industrialization Different parts of the world are seen to be in different stages or phases Different population age structurespopulation age structures  Rapidly growing = young  Slow growing = old

14. Population Movements Migration  Voluntary  Forced (e.g., Refugees)  Push vs. Pull Factors International migration International  Remittances Rural to Urban migration

15. © T. M. Whitmore Urbanization Global N vs S differencesN vs S Urbanization increasing everywhere: Urbanization increasing  Especially in the in global S Megacities increasing in size and number Megacities

16. © T. M. Whitmore Key Concepts in Environment Patterns & Processes: Landforms How to explain patterns of:  Mountain chains Mountain chains  Tectonic hazards Tectonic hazards  Shape of continents Plate Tectonics Geomorphology/rock cycle

17. © T. M. Whitmore Plate Tectonics 1912 Alfred Wegner’s “continental drift” Plate tectonics (1960s-70s): moving “plates” hold all the oceans and continentsplates

18. © T. M. Whitmore Plate Tectonics II Moving “plates”  Sea floor spreading (divergent plates)divergent plates  Subduction (convergent plates)convergent plates  Pangaea Pangaea Terrestrial hazards:  Earthquakes and volcanoes Earthquakes and volcanoes  “ring of fire”ring of fire

19. Development: Income Diversity

22. Developed (rich, north) world Undeveloped (poor, south) world

23. World Institute for Development Economics Research United Nations University (UNU-WIDER) 2006 Development Diversity: Wealth

24. World Institute for Development Economics Research United Nations University 2006

25. Diversity: Internal Inequality The Gini index is a measure of income inequality.

26. GNI (GNP) per Capita Rich Global “North” vs Poor Global “South” N S

27. Infant Mortality

28. Life expectancy

29. Illiteracy

30. Life expectancy differentials by sex

31. Social Development

32. Marston et al., 2007, World Regions in Global Context. Colonial Possessions in 1714

33. Colonial Possessions in 1914

34. Colonial powers profited from gold and silver, slaves, opium and agricultural products extracted from colonies.

35. Colonialism & Global N & S

36. Marston et al., 2007, World Regions in Global Context.

38. Kareiva et al., 2007, Science Shipping lanes reveal our interlinked world.

40. The US is at the center of globalization in many ways.

42. The Economist, 1997

44. Marston et al., 2007, World Regions in Global Context. One pair of jeans, twelve countries.

45. Economic Globalization: World Trade

46. Economic Globalization: Illicit Trade Figure 1.7

48. Billions Source: Population Reference Bureau; and United Nations, World Population Projections to 2100 (1998). World Population Growth Through History Of all people who have ever lived, ~10% are alive now.

49. The total fertility rate is the mean number of children born per woman, and must be 2.1 for the population to replace itself. Four out of nine people live in countries which have dipped below this.

50. Natural Increase © 2003, Population Reference Bureau Birth & Death Rates Worldwide

51. Millions Annual Increase in World Population © 2003, Population Reference Bureau

52. We are here

53. Billions Growth in More & Less Developed Countries Less Developed Countries (South) More Developed Countries (North) Total World population © 2003, Population Reference Bureau Exponential (ultimately logistic) growth

54. Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2005 World Population Data Sheet. Projected Population Change, 2005-2050

55. World Population ~ 6.55 billion r (%/yr) = 1.2%; TFR = 2.7; ~ 48% urban India & China Each > 1 billion

56. Less Developed world (south): ~ 5.3b r = 1.5-1.8%; TFR = 2.9-3.4; ~ 41% urban More Developed world (north): ~ 1.2b r = 0.1%; TFR = 1.6; ~ 77% urban N S

57. Demographic Transition Model Global North Global South

58. Population Age Structure -Population Pyramids 44% 6521% 65

59. New York Times, 2007 International Migration Many migrants move from poor to rich countries.

60. New York Times, 2007 International Migrant Remittances World Remittances = 40% of Foreign investment 140% of Development aid

61. Global Urbanization N S

63. By 2008, for the first time in world history, 50% of all people will live in cities.

64. © National Geographic Society

65. By 2015 © National Geographic Society

66. Megacities

68. 1 billion live in slums. They include 70% of urban dwellers in Africa.

70. © T. M. Whitmore

71. * *

73. divergent convergent

74. Divergent (spreading) plates

75. © T. M. Whitmore divergent convergent

76. Convergent (colliding) plates

77. © T. M. Whitmore Pangaea 180 m yrs BP Present

78. © T. M. Whitmore divergent convergent

80. © T. M. Whitmore Antigua, Guatemala

81. © T. M. Whitmore Michoacán, Mexico