1. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 1 Chapter 18: Grand Challenges

2. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 2 Grand Challenges How Make the WSNs Billion Dollar Industry GRAND CHALLENGE: GRAND CHALLENGE: n ENERGY Extremely energy-efficient solutions Extremely energy-efficient solutions In both existing and future solutions for WSNs, energy efficiency is the grand challenge. In both existing and future solutions for WSNs, energy efficiency is the grand challenge. 2

3. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 3 GRAND CHALLENGE: Physical Layer Application Layer Transport Layer Network Layer MAC Layer Task Management Plane Power Management Plane Application Layer Cross-Layer Management Plane Power Management Plane Communication Module Our View Cross-Layer Melting Traditional Approach Traditional layered approach is not suitable for WSNs!

4. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 4 XLP: Cross-Layer Protocol Initiative Concept Receiver Contention Local Congestion Control Angle-based Routing Channel Adaptive Operation Duty Cycle Operation MC Vuran and I.F. Akyildiz, “XLP: A Cross Layer Protocol for Efficient Communication in WSNs,” IEEE Tr. on Mobile Computing, Nov. 2010. Prelim version: Proc. of Int. Conf on Info Science and Systems, Princeton, March 2006. PHY Application Layer Transport Network MAC XLP: Cross –Layer Protocol

5. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 5 XLP: Comparison with 5 Different Layered Protocol Stacks Energy consumption  avg. 65% reduction Energy consumption  avg. 65% reduction Throughput  avg. 32% increment Throughput  avg. 32% increment Latency  avg. 5% increment (tradeoff) Latency  avg. 5% increment (tradeoff) Goodput  avg. 39% increment Goodput  avg. 39% increment Implementation  avg. 15% reduction in code space Implementation  avg. 15% reduction in code space

6. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 6 GRAND CHALLENGE: GRAND CHALLENGE: User Requirements/ User Requirements/ Applications Applications Architecture Architecture and Topology and Topology Communication Communication Protocols Protocols HOW TO REALIZE THE MAPPING??

7. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 7 FURTHER GRAND CHALLENGES Cost Reduction to CENTS ?? Deployment (Architecture) Decisions (optimum # of sensors, optimum # of sinks, optimal locations, fast deployment, reusability, terrain considerations)

8. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 8 FURTHER GRAND CHALLENGES How to operate and maintain these networks? Simple Network Management Tools? How to solve the ENERGY problem? How to deal with the SCALABILITY problem?

9. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 9 FURTHER GRAND CHALLENGES How to deal with TERABYTE of sensed information?? Network Monitoring and Management How to integrate WSNs into NGWI ?

10. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 10 Wireless Networking: The Big Picture  Cellular Networks  2G  2.5G  3G  4G?  WLAN  Wireless Mesh Networks  WiMAX  Wireless Sensor Networks  Cognitive Radio Networks

11. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 11 The Future INTERNET GroundSegment SpaceSegment WirelessSegment Wireless LANs & MANs 3G/4G Wireless Mesh Networks Ad Hoc& Sensor Networks MEOs LEOsGEO Cognitive Radio Networks

12. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 12 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet Sensor networks are developed in isolation so far Sensor networks are developed in isolation so far Recent attempts in integrating WSNs with Internet Recent attempts in integrating WSNs with Internet –6LoWPAN: IPv6 for WSNs IPv6 packet header is compressed to sizes that are suitable for IPv6 packet header is compressed to sizes that are suitable for sensor devices sensor devices Efficient integration for communication between an IPv6-based Efficient integration for communication between an IPv6-based device and a sensor device device and a sensor device Significant challenges still exist in seamless integration !! Significant challenges still exist in seamless integration !!

13. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 13 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet Coexistence of WLANs and WSNs at the MAC layer Coexistence of WLANs and WSNs at the MAC layer End-to-end routing between a sensor device and an Internet device End-to-end routing between a sensor device and an Internet device Existing transport layer solutions for WSNs are not compatible with the TCP and UDP protocols Existing transport layer solutions for WSNs are not compatible with the TCP and UDP protocols Adaptive transport protocols required for seamless reliable transport of event features throughout the WSN and next-generation wireless Internet Adaptive transport protocols required for seamless reliable transport of event features throughout the WSN and next-generation wireless Internet

14. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 14 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet Internet protocols are generally prone to energy and memory inefficiency Internet protocols are generally prone to energy and memory inefficiency c.f. WSN protocols tailored to provide high energy and memory efficiency c.f. WSN protocols tailored to provide high energy and memory efficiency Fundamental differences in design principles necessitate novel solutions Fundamental differences in design principles necessitate novel solutions –Significant modifications in each network are required to provide seamless operation

15. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 15 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks I. F. Akyildiz and I. H. Kasimoglu, ``Wireless sensor and actor networks: Research challenges,’’ Ad Hoc Networks, 2(4):351–367, October 2004.  Most WSNs focus on data gathering  Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) and, eventually, cyber-physical systems (CPS) cyber-physical systems (CPS)  Recent developments in robotics  Need to perform specialized tasks,.e.g., acting on environment based on sensed events based on sensed events

16. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 16 Wireless Sensor Actor Network Challenges –Sensor–Actor Coordination: Algorithms that can provide ordering, synchronization, and elimination of the redundancy of actions Algorithms that can provide ordering, synchronization, and elimination of the redundancy of actions –Actor–Actor Coordination: A unified framework that can be exploited by different applications to always select the best networking paradigm available A unified framework that can be exploited by different applications to always select the best networking paradigm available –Analytic framework to characterize the three planes, i.e., the management, coordination, and communication planes in WSANs –Cross-layer communication for effective sensing, data transmission, and acting

17. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 17 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) I. F. Akyildiz, T. Melodia, and K. Chowdury, ``A Survey on Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks,’’ Computer Networks, (Elsevier), 51(4): 921-960, March 2007 –Recent progress in CMOS technology has enabled the development of single chip camera modules –Microphones have for long been used as an integral part of wireless sensor nodes –Focus of research in digital signal processing, communication & networking, and control

18. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 18 WMSNs Challenges  Aggregation and fusion of both inter-media and intra-media are necessary  Tradeoffs between compression at end-nodes and communicating raw data have yet to be clearly analyzed  At the physical layer, UWB communication for point-to-point links has been successfully accomplished.  Multi-hop communication through the UWB technology is still an open research issue  Comprehensive analytical models are needed to quantitatively compare different variants of UWB and determine

19. Wireless Sensor Networks Akyildiz/Vuran 19 Wireless Sensor Networks in Challenging Environments Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia, ``Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges,’’ Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier) Journal, 3(3):257-279, March 2005. I.F. Akyildiz and E. P. Stuntebeck, ``Wireless underground sensor networks: research challenges,’’ Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier) Journal, 4:669–686, July 2006.