1. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Presenter: Mahdi Kiaee Supervisors: Dr. Andrew Cruden and Professor David Infield The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Email: Mahdi.Kiaee@eee.strath.ac.uk Presenter: Mahdi Kiaee Supervisors: Dr. Andrew Cruden and Professor David Infield The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Email: Mahdi.Kiaee@eee.strath.ac.uk DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT USING ALKALINE ELECTROLYSERS WITHIN THE UKGDS SIMULATION NETWORK

2. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Adverse environmental effects of increasing fossil fuel consumption Need for clean energy resources Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the world A suitable storage and transmission vector for energy Hydrogen from renewable or nuclear electricity generation sources Can increase energy security Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) cause no direct harmful emission BACKGROUND: HYDROGEN ECONOMY

3. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 INTRODUCTION

4. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 The advantages of onsite production of hydrogen from electrolysers No hydrogen to be shipped in tankers or piped around the country (thereby saving costs) Hydrogen from renewable energy: no carbon dioxide or other pollutants Can be used to respond to renewable power fluctuations Can respond to consumer demand (e.g. at off-peak times) Can improve grid operation with a high penetration of renewable power No hydrogen to be shipped in tankers or piped around the country (thereby saving costs) Hydrogen from renewable energy: no carbon dioxide or other pollutants Can be used to respond to renewable power fluctuations Can respond to consumer demand (e.g. at off-peak times) Can improve grid operation with a high penetration of renewable power

5. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  It is a resource for the purpose of simulation and analysis of the impact of distributed generation on the United Kingdom distribution system.  It contains some network models which are representative of the UK networks.  The UKGDS networks are split into Extra High Voltage (EHV) and High Voltage (HV) models. The United Kingdom Generic Distribution System (UKGDS)

6. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Ratings: Wind farms:1.5MW; Electrolysers:1MW average data from wind farms with 10 minutes resolution were used

7. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Every electrolyser has a controlled rectifier and a communication system The electrolysers are considered to be able to absorb variable input power within their maximum and minimum limit Standby power of electrolysers: 6% of nominal power The Minimum power of electrolysers: 20% of their nominal power. Every electrolyser has a controlled rectifier and a communication system The electrolysers are considered to be able to absorb variable input power within their maximum and minimum limit Standby power of electrolysers: 6% of nominal power The Minimum power of electrolysers: 20% of their nominal power.

8. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  If the available wind power is greater than 0.26 MW (20%+6% of 1MW), then the first electrolyser will work in normal mode and the second electrolyser would be in standby mode.  If this wind power is greater than 1.2MW (100%+20% of 1MW) then both of the electrolysers will work in normal mode.  Restriction: each electrolyser should remain in its status (hydrogen production or standby mode) for at least one hour. Control strategy

9. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 In this work this residual power is negative only for very short periods of times due to the algorithm implemented in this study and also the proper sizing of electrolysers and wind farms.

10. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 bus 1158 is connected to the second electrolyser. The nominal voltage of this bus is 11KV. The reduction of total aggregate transmission losses could be as the result of:  Electrolysers are located near wind farms  Their sizes are selected properly with respect to the size of the wind farms  The proper control strategy The reduction of total aggregate transmission losses could be as the result of:  Electrolysers are located near wind farms  Their sizes are selected properly with respect to the size of the wind farms  The proper control strategy Without=7.9584 MWh With=7.7263 MWh

11. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Electrolysers and wind farms have been introduced to a UKGDS model to investigate the impact of electrolysers on voltages and transmission losses of the network. Utilisation of electrolysers in this network could reduce the transmission losses by 2.91%. Future work: The effect of variable input power on the efficiency and durability of electrodes will be assessed through modelling and experiment The maximum acceptable derivative of injected power will be considered Future work: The effect of variable input power on the efficiency and durability of electrodes will be assessed through modelling and experiment The maximum acceptable derivative of injected power will be considered