1. Evolution of Exteriors
Chapter 6
Evolution of Exteriors

2. Objectives
Summarize the development of exterior architectural styles throughout history, including Traditional, Modern, Contemporary.
Compare and contrast historical architectural and housing styles.

3. Exterior Evolution The exteriors of a house have evolved over time
Settlers brought with them their ideas of what houses should look like
The homes are usually grouped by style and time period

4. Traditional Houses reflect the experiences and traditions of the past eras, changed over time to meet the needs of their inhabitants.
Traditional homes are grouped into two major categories, including
Folk houses – a style originating from the common experiences of a group of people.
Classic houses – a style that represents the authentic repetition of architecture with enduring excellence.

5. Traditional Folk Houses
Affected by
Climate – cold and hot areas from different regions
geographical area
ethnic experiences
lifestyle of the occupants
available natural resources
continued

6. Traditional Folk Houses
Traditional folk houses include
Native American
Early English
Spanish
Scandinavian
German
Dutch
French

7. Native American Influence
Native Americans have had a large impact on housing today.
Log hogans (Navajo)
Adobe dwellings (pueblo)
Box like construction
Flat roofs
Projecting roof beams

8. Native American Influence
Hogan by the
Navajo Indians

9. Hogans by the Navajo Indians

10. Pueblo Indians
Adobe dwellings

11. Adobe by the Pueblo Indians

12. Spanish Influence South and Southwest. Climate is very warm and dry.
The traditional aspects will be seen in warmer climates.
Asymmetrical design
Red roof tiles
Arch-shaped windows and doors
Wrought iron décor
Stucco walls- type of plaster applied to exterior walls of house.

13. Spanish Influence

14. Spanish Influence

15. Scandinavian
Log cabins are the largest impact Scandinavia plays on housing today.
Small, one story, rectangular
Gable roofs- come to a point in center and slope on both sides.

16. Log Cabin Homes

17. Dutch Influence Windows with small panes
Dutch Colonial- 1st built in New York and Delaware.
Made of fieldstone or brick, sometimes wood.
Gambrel roof- eaves that flare outward.
Dormers- structures that project through the roof and contain windows on the 2nd floor.
Central entrance
Chimney off center
Windows with small panes

18. Dutch Colonial

19. German Influence 1st German-American homes were built in Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania Dutch Colonial
Gable roofs
Thick fieldstone walls, becoming
more elaborate over time.
Roof ledges between 1st and 2nd floor called pent roofs.

20. French Influence
The French also has played a big role in housing styles today.
French Manor
Symmetrical
Wings on each side of the roof.
Mansard roof on main part of home- type of gambrel roof. Architects name was mansard.
Dormers

21. French Manor

22. French Influence (cont.)
French Provincial- 1st built in New Orleans. (great picture in text)
Sometimes 2 ½ stories tall
Symmetrical
Tops of windows break into eave lines.

23. English/Colonial Influence
These were usually simple, small and eventually grew larger by additions.
Cape Cod- small, symmetrical, 1 ½ story.
Gable roof
Central entrance & chimney
Several fireplaces
shutters

24. Cape Cod

25. English/Colonial Influence
Salt Box- type of Cape Cod.
Term comes from the shape of the boxes that were used to store salt at the time.
Lean-to section to the back.
2-2 ½ stories tall
Steep gable roof, extended to floor in the rear.
Large central chimney
Large windows with small panes

26. Salt Box

27. English/Colonial Influence
Garrison- named for it’s early garrisons, or forts.
Overhanging second story- this allows extra space without widening the foundation.
Symmetrical design
Steep gable roof
Windows with small panes

28. Garrison Housing

29. English Influence Georgian Simple exterior lines
Windows with small panes
Gable OR Hip roof-sloping ends and sides. Sometimes topped by a flat area with a balustrade- railing.
Tall chimneys at each end of roof.
Ornamentation under the eaves.

30. Georgian

31. Federal Style Housing Boxlike shape At least 2 stories tall
Symmetrical
Flat roof surrounded by a balustrade.
Sometimes has a portico- an open space covered with a roof that is supported by columns.
Pediments- decorations that are usually found over the porticoes, windows, or doors.
Segmental or Triangular

32. Federal Style

33. Greek Influence Greek Revival
2 story portico that is supported by Greek columns and has a large triangular pediment.
Usually large in size
Many government buildings are designed in Greek Revival.

34. Greek Revival

35. Southern Colonial Influence
Southern Colonial is similar to Greek Revival.
Large, 2-3 story.
Symmetrical
2 story columns extend across entire front.
Hip or Gable roof.
Often include dormers, shutters, and belvedere-small room on the roof used as a lookout.

36. Southern Colonial Columns

37. Victorian Homes
Victorian houses are named after Queen Victoria of England.
Decorative Trim
High porches
Gable roofs
Tall windows
High ceilings
Turret-small tower
Gingerbread- the extensive decoration on these homes

38. Victorian

39. Modern Houses Styles developed in the 20th century.
These are relatively new compared to other styles but may have influences from the past.
Bungalow
One story
Low pitched roof
Shingled roof extending beyond the walls
Sometimes a covered porch that is enclosed.
Wood or brick
Windows are set high so furniture can be placed underneath.

40. Bungalow

41. Bungalow

42. Prairie Style Orgin: Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
It’s interior space visually flows outdoors through porches, terraces, and windows.
Designed to blend with natural surroundings.

43. Prairie Style

44. Prairie Style

45. Modern Ranch; One-story structure Often has basement
Low-pitched roof with wide overhang.
Usually made of building materials with energy saving features.
Usually expensive to build because the amount of land it takes up.
Origin: USA; West

46. Types of Ranch Houses Hillside Ranch- built on a hill.
Part of the basement is exposed.
Raised Ranch- split entry.
Top part of the basement is above ground.
This allows light to enter the basement.

47. Modern Split-level- 3 or 4 levels. Usually built on sloping lots.
Good for splitting us different areas in the house. Ex. Social, quiet, and service areas.
Not convenient for people with special needs.

48. Split-Level

49. Contemporary House These are the “latest” designs.
Sometimes controversial.
Architectural styles are not traditional.
Unique designs that differ greatly from house to house.

50. Solar Housing
Active solar heating systems- panels installed in the roof of the building to capture the sun’s energy. Fans move the heated air to areas needed.
Passive solar heating areas- no working parts. They include a design that maximizes use of sun for heating.
Dark colored walls may be used to absorb heat and transfer inside.

51. Solar Houses
Solar houses use systems and techniques that utilize energy from the sun
Active solar heating systems use special equipment, such as motors and fans to attract and use solar energy
Passive solar heating systems have no working parts and rely on direct sunlight on materials to attract and store solar energy, such as large windows and dark walls

52. ©Rob Bryan/Shutterstock.com
Discuss
Solar homes use the sun to generate electricity, to heat the hot water, and to heat the space
©Rob Bryan/Shutterstock.com
What features of this solar home make it energy efficient?

53. Earth-Sheltered Housing
Earth-sheltered housing- partially covered with soil.
Energy efficient because the soil is a natural insulation that protects the house.
Some are partly underground or into a hill.
Some use part solar energy also.

54. Earth-Sheltered Houses
Earth-sheltered houses are partially covered with soil
The soil helps
insulate the house
protect the house from the elements (wind, low temperatures)

55. Postmodern Houses
Postmodern houses began in the 1970s and continue today
The features
are diverse with a sense of “less is more”
have a “wit” and can be bizarre or shocking
include unexpected and playful elements

56. Discuss Postmodern homes are unique and diverse
©bbbb/Shutterstock.com
What features are unusual about this house?

57. Recap
Many exterior housing styles exist in the United States, including styles that
evolved from Native Americans
settlers brought from their homelands
Traditional folk styles include
Native American, Spanish, Scandinavian, Dutch, German, French, and English
Early English styles also included the Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison styles
continued

58. Recap
Classic Traditional styles evolved during Colonial times, including such styles as
Georgian
Federal and Adam
Early Classical Revival
Greek Revival
Southern Colonial
Victorian
continued

59. Recap Modern and contemporary housing appeared in the 20th century
These houses were designed to
take advantage of the environment
fit changing lifestyles
Modern houses include
Prairie style
Arts and Crafts, bungalow
International
continued

60. Recap
Styles of contemporary housing built today vary greatly, but may include
earth-sheltered and solar houses
Contemporary homes may use traditional features in a unique, distinctive way
Postmodernism combines
features of past housing with a new look that is sometimes jarring to the viewer