1. Chapter 24 The Transformation of Europe 1500-1800

2. The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) Particularly bothered by the sale of indulgences Reflected what was becoming more common thinking (95 Theses) Emphasis on Bible as the only source of religious authority Many German states joined due to resentment of papal supremacy

3. Reform Throughout Europe Reformation spread throughout Europe popular in the Netherlands and Switzerland popular in the Netherlands and Switzerland Banned in Italy, France, and Spain England – banned than required by Henry VIII Anglican Church Theology – little difference

4. John Calvin (1509-1564) France and parts of Switzerland 1530’s – converted to Protestantism Developed Protestant community in Geneve, Switz. Very strict morality (no dancing or laughing with your mouth open) Gained a following in the Netherlands and Scotland

5. The Catholic Reformation ( for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction) Equal parts reform and re-justification Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reformed abuses Reaffirmed and explained aspects of Catholic doctrine and dogma Demanded stronger morality from church clergy The Jesuits – founded 1540 Society of Jesus, founded by (St) Ignatius Loyala Highly educated and devout Catholics Effective missionaries and political advisors

6. Non-religious Implications of the Protestant Reformation Rulers established what ever religion for whatever reasons motivated them Decrease in power of the church, increase in power of the monarchs

7. HRE & Charles V Increased power of Hapsburg family Charles V inherited most of Europe and much of the new world Chance for empire handicapped by Protestant Reformation Ruled each realm separately Seeming lack of ambition Foreign challenges French attempts to prevent a strong HRE Ottoman siege of Vienna 1529 Abdicated in 1556 Split holdings between his son and brother

8. Constitutional States Thirty Years War led gov’ts to Either shared power with a legislative body Or became more autocractic

9. England Representative gov’t after civil war (1642-1649) Religious and political motives Increased Puritan (Calvinist) mov’t Charles I v. Parliament 1649 Charles I captured and executed Cromwell - “Lord Protector” Puritan leader Unpopular leader 1660 - Charles II restored

10. Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) James II evicted William & Mary assume throne Had to sign Bill of Rights - limited monarchy

11. The New Monarchs Europe dominated by England, France, & Spain 1400’s/1500’s thrones held by “centralizing” monarchs Henry VIII of England Severed ties with RCC Confiscated church lands for income Louis XI/Francis I of France Fernando & Isabella of Spain All increased revenues through taxes, fines, and/or fees Large state owned armies

12. The Spanish Inquisition 1478 – created with papal support Sought to rid Spain of non-Catholics Became greatly feared – role exaggerated Prevented Protestantism from gaining strong foothold in Spain

13. Witch Hunts More likely to occur during periods of conflict 110,000 trials, 60,000 executions 15 & 1600’s Easy scapegoats, “easy” victims

14. Religious Wars Decades of war between and within countries Spanish Armada -1588 Revolt of the Netherlands against Spain -1567 1610 – creation of the Netherlands & Belgium The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Began with conflict between HRE & Bohemia (Czech Rep) Joined by Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Swedes, Poles, & Russians – sides kept rearranging Phenomenally destructive

15. The Dutch Republic 1567 Philip II tired to suppress Calvinism 1581 rebels proclaimed United Provinces Set up a republic Independence not recognized until 1600’s

16. France Divine right monarchy Largely created by Cardinal Richelieu (pm - 1624-42) Expansive bureaucracy - middle class Systematically excluded nobility from power The Sun King - Louis XIV (r.1643-1715) Palace of Versailles Expensive and time consuming court Kept large standing army

17. Russia - Absolutism Romanov Czars (1613-1917) Largest European state Peter I (4.1682-1725) Wanted to westernize Russia Reformed army Built St. Petersburg Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796) More efficient gov’t Varied attempts at social reform Gained warm water port Turned against reform with outbreak of French Revolution

18. European States System Peace of Westphalia (1648) Ended Thirty Years War First major international peace treaty Did not end war in Europe by any means Balance of Power Increased desire/motivation for improving military technology Will give Europe a military edge over other major civilizations

19. Early Capitalism Population New food crops Decreasing death rate Urbanization - esp. capitals Free Market/Capitalism Supply and demand Insurance Joint stock companies Capitalism rec’d government support Reduced influence of guilds, increased capitalism “putting out system”

20. Social Change Increased money from wages Decreasing dependence on collective group Increased standard of living Serfdom remained in Russia, discouraged agriculture Moral/ethical problems No safety net system Increased in crime rate Increased wealth gap Nuclear v. extended family