1. Modernization in
Japan

2. China and Japan Confront the West: A Comparison

3. Japan Changes Direction During the Meiji Era: 1868 - 1912
Commodore Matthew Perry

4. 1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!

5. What Did the U. S. Want?? Coaling stations. More trading partners.
A haven for ship-wrecked sailors.

6. Perry’s “Black Ships”

7. The Treaty of Kanagawa - 1854
After Perry's arrival in 1853 & 1854, conclusion of Treaty of Kanagawa or the Unequal Treaties, called "Treaty of Amity and Commerce" by the US.
Consequences:
no tariff autonomy to protect domestic industries (cotton industry collapses)
Westerners have extraterritoriality
most favored nation clause: any privilege to anyone must also be granted to US
one major difference to China: prohibition on trade in opium

8. The Treaty of Kanagawa - 1854

9. Japan Learns a Lesson!
In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai…
The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.

10. China’s “Unequal Treaties”
After the Opium War of , Japan was convinced that it had to Open Up to the West.

11. The Shi-shi (“Men of High Purpose”)
Highly idealistic samurai who felt that the arrival of Westerners was an attack on the traditional values of Japan.
They believed that:
Japan was sacred ground.
The emperor, now a figurehead in Kyoto, was a God.
Were furious at the Shogun for signing treaties with the West without the Emperor’s consent.
Their slogan  Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians!

12. Series of Civil Wars 1864, 1865-68 Tokugawa Shogun resists changes
Renegade samurai establish a new “modern” government
Old samurai forbidden to wear top knot, carry samurai sword
Many commit seppuku
Cannot adjust to the new changes

13. The Meiji Revolt
A powerful group of samurai overthrow the Shogun.
Sakamoto Ryoma, the hero.
He helped Japan emerge from feudalism into a unified modern state.

14. The Shogunate Is Overthrown!
The last Shogun.
Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

15. The Emperor Is “Restored” to Power MEIJI  “Enlightened Rule”

16. Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?
Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened

17. Modernization by “Selective Borrowing”
Popular board game.
Start by leaving Japan & studying in various Western capitals.
End by returning to Japan and becoming a prominent government official.

18. European Goods
Europe began to “loom large” in the thinking of many Japanese.
New slogan: Japanese Spirit; Western Technology!

19. Japanese Textile Factory

20. The Japanese Became Obsessed with Western Styles
Civilization and Enlightenment!

21. Everything Western Was Fashionable!

22. Everything Western Was Fashionable!
Japanese soldiers with their wives.

23. The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dress
Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko ( )

24. Changing Women’s Fashions The First “Miss Japan” (1908)
1900 Styles

25. Meiji Reforms Land Redistribution
Westernize the School System (Fr. & Ger.)
Abolition of the feudal system
Modern Banking System
Modernize the Army (Prussian)
Meiji Reforms
Written Constitution (Germans)
Build a Modern Navy (British)
Human Rights & Religious Freedom
Emperor Worship Intensified

26. A Constitutional Government Copied from the Germans
Satsuma & Choshu Families
The Emperor of Japan
The Diet (Legislative Body)
1889 Constitution of Japan
House of Representatives
House of Peers

27. Expansionism & the Rise of Military Power
New players on the block?

28. Japan joins the “Imperialist Gang”
Japan can prove that it is "civilized" by colonizing others, namely Okinawa and Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands

29. The Meiji Emperor was in Hiroshima during the Sino-Japanese War

30. Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895 Won handily by Japanese
Japan concludes treaty directly with the Qing, gets island of Taiwan and Kwantung peninsula on mainland
Triple Intervention by Russia, Germany and France: Japan can't have part of mainland.
BUT: Russia immediately leases the Kwantung territory itself!
Taiwan becomes Japan's model colony

31. Soldiers on the Battlefield During the Sino-Japanese War
The Treaty of Shimonoseki ended the war.

32. Today—Tensions Between China & Japan
Offshore gas field in the East China Sea reveals recently strained relations between China & Japan.
Tension over disputed gas field on the rise, exacerbating mutual mistrust dating back to the Sino-Japanese War.
EEZ-Exclusive Economic Zone.

33. The Russo-Japanese War: 1904-1905
The Battle of Tsushima: The results startled the world!

34. The Russo-Japanese War: 1904-1905
Russia and Japan both had designs on Manchuria and Korea
Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria
Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land
Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

35. President Teddy Roosevelt Mediates the Peace
The Treaty of Portsmouth, NH ended the Russo-Japanese War.

36. Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
Mediated by U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt
ended war with Japan winning major concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in Korea, half of Sakhalin Island – Japan also went on to annex Korea
Long-term impact of war: Russia turned to the Balkans, and Russia’s political situation deteriorated further, leading to the Russian Revolution
Japan’s victory stimulated Asian nationalism – various Asian peoples hoped to emulate Japanese power and win their independence

37. Japan Annexes Korea

38. Japan Is a Player in China

39. Competition from Another “Pacific” Power Is on the Horizon

40. The U. S. “Great White Fleet”

41. But, Japanese Power Would Grow . . .