2. USA Geographical Features Using the map of the United States label and/or color the following items. –Rocky Mountains – Blue –Appalachian Mountains – Red –Great Plains – Green –Continental Divide – black line –Atlantic and Pacific Ocean –Gulf of Mexico –Each of the Great Lakes

3. Essential Questions 1.What national issues emerged in the process of closing the western frontier? 2.Why does the West hold such an important place in the American imagination? 3.In what ways is the West romanticized in American culture?

4. Key Tensions Native Americans Buffalo Hunters Railroads U. S. Government CattlemenSheep Herders RanchersFarmers

5. Key Tensions Ethnic Minorities Nativists Environmentalists Big Business Interests [mining, timber] Local Govt. Officials Farmers Buffalo Hunters Lawlessness of the Frontier “Civilizing” Forces [The “Romance” of the West]

6. Land Acts Homestead Act – permitted “any citizen or intended citizen to select any surveyed land up to 160 acres and to gain title to it after five years’ residence” –Started the land boom. Pacific Railway Act – gave lands to railroad companies to develop a railroad line linking the East and West Coast (1869) Morrill Act – granted a total of more than 17 million acres of federal land to the states who then sold it to fund the formation of agricultural and engineering colleges. Why was the government practically giving way land?

8. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull Gen. George Armstrong Custer

9. Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

10. Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause

11. Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)

12. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA

13. Indian Reservations Today

15. Railroad Construction

16. Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)

18. Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890

19. Homesteads From Public Lands

20. What is the Message of this Picture? What is the Message of this Picture?

21. The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD

23. ProspectingProspecting

24. Mining Centers: 1900

25. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)

26. Mining (“Boom”) Towns-- Now Ghost Towns Calico, CA

28. TheCattleTrailsTheCattleTrails

29. New Agricultural Technology “Prairie Fan” Water Pump Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

30. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden

32. Frederick Jackson Turner The Significance of the Frontier in American Society (1893)

34. Black “Exoduster” Homesteader s

35. The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains

36. The “Chinese Question”  Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion Act - Chinese Exclusion Act

38. Yellowstone National Park First national park established in 1872.

39. National Parks