2. Adverbial Clauses What is an Adverb Clause? "He saw Mary when he was in New York" and "They studied hard because they had a test" are adverb clauses. Adverb clauses express when, why, opposition and conditions and are dependent clauses. This means that an adverb clause can not stand by itself - in other words, "When he went to New York." is not a complete sentence. It needs to be completed by an independent clause. Example: He went to the Guggenheim museum when he was in New York.

3. Punctuation When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. Example: He gave me a call when he arrived in town.

4. List of Words (subordinating conjunctions) Introducing Adverb Clauses TIME CAUSE AND EFFECT OPPOSITIONCONDITION after, before, when, while, as, by the time (that), as soon as, since, until, whenever, the first time (that), the next time (that), the last time (that), every time (that) - because, since, as, as long as, so long as, due to the fact that - although, even though, though, whereas, while if, only if, unless, whether (or not), even if, providing (that), in case (that), provided (that), in the event (that) -

5. 1. As soon as Jack saw the accident, he_____________ the police. A) was telephoning B) telephoned C) had telephoned D) telephones 2. Before I entered college, I_____________ a lot of writing practice. A) haven't had B) didn't have C) wasn't having D) hadn't had 3. Every time he thinks of his mother's cooking, he_________ homesick. A) will have B) felt felt C) feels D) is feeling 4. Since he left his country six years ago, he_________ to visit his friends several times. A)return B) will have returned C) am returning D)has returned 5. While I was doing my math homework, I a shortcut to solving the problems. A) discovered B) was discovering C) is discovering D) has discovered 6. Yesterday while I was studying, my roommate a pie. A) was baking B) had been baking C) has baked D) bakes 7. The next time I________________ to the city, I will visit the MoMA. (Museum of Modern Art) A) will go B) go C) have gone D) will have gone 10. By the time I finish this semester, I__________________ all of the verb tenses. A)will review B)will have reviewed C)am reviewing D) review

6. Temporal Adverbial Clauses (showing time): While I was fishing last year, I caught a fish. After we finished hiking for the day, we took a nap. Causal Adverbial Clauses (showing cause): Because my sister knew how I felt, she took me to the mall. Since I had never been to Japan, I brought a guide book with me.

7. When: (Answers when something happened) While you were out, someone called. Before he came, he called. As soon as you are finished, call me. Why: (Answers why something happened) I ordered two pizzas as we were all hungry. I failed because I didn't study. I fixed it so that anybody could use it. Where: (Answers where something happened) This card is accepted wherever you go. How: (Answers how something happened) She talked as if she were a princess. He swam as if he were a fish in the sea. Ideas commonly expressed by adverbial clauses are: time - when, as soon as, before place - where, wherever manner - as if degree - than, as ____ as _______ reason, purpose or cause - because, since, so that condition - if, unless concession - although, even though,